Tennessee William’s Battle with Homosexuality Through Brick in “Cat on a Hot Tin Roof”

Tennessee Williams' Battle With Homosexuality Through Brick Tennessee Williams wrote a variety of plays over the course of his life. Although all his characters have differences from play to play, there are many patterns that can easily be recognized which reflect his struggles in his daily life. What can be noted in the patterns is not only the words the actor speaks or what is said on stage, but also the direction Williams gives them. Certain directions seem to be subtle speeches from Williams. Much of the direction is not just a movement but a literal feeling from Williams.The portrayal of Brick in Cat On A Hot Tin Roof mirrors the emotional struggle Williams had with accepting himself as an openly gay man in a closeted society. Reading Williams' plays, you get the vague idea of what his personal life and family were like. He grew up with an alcoholic father. His mother was distraught. After a childhood illness, Williams didn't grow into the broad shouldered, strong man his father wanted him to be. Although he knew his sister, Rose, was in trouble living with his father, Williams still left for college.Rose was more outspoken about their father's insane behavior caused by the alcohol, however she was forced to have a lobotomy in 1937 which left her brain damaged. Williams could neither â€Å"assert himself during family quarrels nor retreat† (Hayman 44). After going to the University of Columbia for a stint and failing out of military training, his father pulled him out and put him to work at a shoe factory in St. Louis. His hatred for the monotonous work of the shoe factory drove him to fill all his spare time with writing. Williams' writing included much of his past with his dysfunctional family.After Williams' enrolled at Washington University, his parents separated due to his raging alcoholic father. His outlet for being so misunderstood by his family, but also for running away, was his writing. Throughout the 20th century, there were a number of plays written about homosexuality. Although the topic was either avoided or never straightforwardly asked nor answered, Williams' characters had an internal battle with themselves. Coping with vices such as alcohol was common in his writings. â€Å"The plays were appeals for tolerance,† Hornby states, Misunderstood and despised—sometimes even by himself†¦ the homosexual had to come to grips with an excruciating problem. † Brick portrayed through his physical ailment, alcohol abuse and heartbreak over his dear friend, Skipper, became the prime example of how â€Å"homosexuality became a metaphor for self-knowledge, a growing awareness of the weaknesses and mortality that we all have† (278). Williams' stage direction paints the picture before the play even begins. In stage direction prior, we find out that the plantation, which will at some point be inherited hopefully by Brick has an odd past. [The room] hasn't changed much since it was occupied by the original owners of the place, Jack Straw and Peter Ochello, a pair of old bachelors who shared this room and all their lives together. † An element of suspense through Cat On A Hot Tin Roof is that there is no solid proof of homosexual activity confirmed, only assumed by the audience. He goes on to state that, â€Å"the room must evoke some ghosts; it is gently and poetically haunted by a relationship which must have involved a tenderness which was uncommon† (880).In Bibler's analysis of the structure of plantation life during this time, he discusses the importance of this â€Å"mythic love, loyalty, and devotion† present in the past relationship their life is now built upon. Williams' addition of the stage designer notes cause Brick's insecurities to seem as though he is regressing from the strength of the previous owners' â€Å"unnatural† relationship. From the beginning of â€Å"Cat On A Hot Tin Roof,† Maggie is not appreciated, barely recognize d, and needs more out of their relationship, especially children.Going along with the consistence of most of Williams' plays, Brick is the self-loathing drunk and Maggie is the tense, crazy wife. She puts up with so much due to her goals of family money from Brick's side. Her husband is an attractive man despite his injury and vices as Maggie is also portrayed and beautiful yet Brick has no interest in her. She is on edge because she is lonely yet still in a relationship with the shell of a man she once knew. Brick refuses to make love to her so they will not have an heir of their own. He has an injury to his leg which is a constant reminder of memories with his deceased friend, Skipper.His literal injury needs his crutch while his loneliness relies on alcohol. In the first scene, it is brought to the attention of the audience that the relationship between Brick and Skipper was fueled by more than just a common friendship and was emotionally stronger than something which could be co nsidered so simple. The play opens with Maggie attempting to woo Brick and with no success, in the second scene, it seems she snaps. Maggie is dramatic trying to get a reaction out of Brick, yet his offer is for her to just take another man.Simple as that. She then tries to forcefully have him and there is then the comical scene of Brick fending Maggie off with a chair as if she is a crazed animal. The lack of a passionate relationship between Brick and Maggie is due to his closeted homosexual desires. Maggie is the sexually frustrated and figurative â€Å"cat† on a hot tin roof. The man she loves and wants has no interest in her. He is basically handicapped by, not only his sexual desires at that time, but also emotional. This as a mirror of Tennessee Williams' actual life.He was commonly, â€Å"wanted but women he quite liked, without feeling any desire for them† (Hayman 147). In another way, Williams felt guilt for leaving his sister behind much like Brick felt guil ty for Skipper's confession of his love followed by his death. Williams also had his own vices, whether it be alcohol or sedatives, to deal with the â€Å"crippled† aspect of his own life fueled by being misunderstood in a dysfunctional family. By this time of his career writing Cat On A Hot Tin Roof, he had the standing as a wealthy white man. He portrayed himself in Brick as a closeted homosexual regardless of being out.His lifestyle choices could be skated around in daily life yet he would never be accepted in society at that time. Nearing the end of the first act, Brick makes a statement of honesty that is close to admission. â€Å"One man has one great good true thing in his life,† Brick states, â€Å"One great good thing which is true – I had friendship with Skipper†¦ Not love with you, Maggie, but friendship with Skipper† (Williams 45). It is never fully stated through the play the full truth of what happened between Brick and Skipper other th an the two of them holding hands as friends across two twin beds.However, his statement addresses the emotional intimacy of their relationship between the men. Disregard physical judgements and the friendship between the them was still stronger than the marriage Brick has with his wife, Maggie. Williams struggled in his own personal life with all the personal issues he presented through Brick. â€Å"Williams exercised the caution of a man living in times of intolerance concerning homosexuality, homophobic sentiments which he did not share,† explained Canadas,† but, rather, challenged, subtle — even, covert — as his methods may appear with the benefit of hindsight† (58).

Primary Shoulder Impingement Syndrome Treatment Health And Social Care Essay

The shoulder encroachment syndrome is one of the most common cause of hurting and disfunction in the jocks shoulder. Primary shoulder encroachment syndrome can happen in anyone who repeatedly or forcefully uses the upper appendage in an elevated place. The patho-mechanics of this syndrome implicate activities that repetitively place the arm in over caput places. Majority of jocks who manifest this status take part in baseball, swimming, cricket and tennis, but it is by no agencies confined to these athleticss. Repeated compaction of the subacromial contents causes micro-pockets of harm which finally summate as the activity is persisted with. Capsular stringency appears to be a common mechanical job in primary impingement syndrome. The resulting inflammatory reaction involves vascular congestion and hydrops into the sinew or Bursa which farther reduces the infinite beneath the coraco-acromial arch. This consequences in hurting that interferes with normal biomechanics of the shoulder b y doing musculus encroachment and compensatory motions or positions. The importance of its acknowledgment is that encroachment is frequently a progressive status that, if recognized and treated early, can hold a more favourable result. Delay in acknowledgment and intervention can let secondary alterations to happen, with attendant restrictions in intervention options and functional results. 1.2 FOUR STAGES OF IMPINGEMENT Ninety-five per centum of rotator turnup cryings are initiated by impingement wear instead than by circulative damage or injury. The phases embracing the encroachment syndrome has been described. They are: Phase I: Edema and swelling due to overdrive tendonitis. Phase two: Thickening and fibrosis of the sinew. Phase three: Complete thickness lacrimation and bone alterations dwelling of induration or spurring along the anterior acromial process excursing on the greater tubercle with subcortical cystic lesion. Phase IV: Entire tear which lead to superior and anterior instability. 1.3 Mechanical Factor Capsular stringency appears to be a common mechanical job in primary impingement syndrome. The buttocks, anterior and inferior parts of the capsule have been reported to be involved in this. Athletes or persons who avoid painful overhead activity or who are subjected to gesture instabilities as a consequence of their athleticss can develop capsular stringency. During the period of antalgic turning away or imbalanced motion, capsular connective tissue can lose the ability to lengthen due to reduced critical fibre distance and unnatural collagen fiber cross-linking. As a consequence of unnatural orientation between fibres, their ability to glide is impaired, taking to joint stiffness. Capsular stringency and consequent restricted joint mobility can forestall opposite way humeral caput semivowel taking to an earlier oncoming or greater grade of subacromial compaction and painful or limited map, peculiarly in elevated planes of motion. 1.4 THE Magnitude The magnitude of the job is attested by the fact that 30 to 60 per centum of competitory swimmers and 25 per centum of base ball hurlers incur this malady at some point during their callings. The significance of the shoulder encroachment syndrome is that if it is allowed to come on to a point at which surgical intercession is required, really few jocks of all time return to their pre-injury degree of competition. Recognition of the syndrome and early non-operative intercession are indispensable for a successful declaration and the return of jocks to their accustomed degree of public presentation. Most jocks start take parting in athleticss when they are comparatively immature. By adolescence, many would hold experienced the symptoms. The mean competitory swimmer puts each arm through some 1.5 million shots per twelvemonth over a calling that may last 8 to 15 old ages ; baseball hurlers might throw every bit many as 15,000 pitches per twelvemonth, most of those at really high velocities. It is small admiration that these shoulders finally wear out and go painful. Normally known as â€Å" bursitis † , â€Å" cuffitis † , or â€Å" supraspinatus syndrome † , impingement syndrome is by far the most common soft tissue hurt of the shoulder for which an jock seeks intervention. 1.5 OVERUSE INJURIES: AN OUTLINE Overuse hurts in jocks are more common than traumatic and post surgical hurts to shoulder. The joint by structural default via medias on stableness for the interest of mobility. This poses a complex interaction of laxness, rotator cuff hurt ( Tensile tendonitis ) and impingement hurts ( Compression tendonitis ) taking to syndrome doing functional restriction. The etiology once more is attributed to patho-mechanics and can be classified into primary and secondary causes. Primary Causes: 1. Extremes of Range are used. 2. High forces are developed. 3. High repeat rates. Secondary causes: 1. Impingement beneath coraco- acromial arch. 2. Poor training/ conditioning. 3. Poor technique in athletics motion. 4. Poor vascularity of turnup sinews. 5. Muscle strength instability. 6. Muscle stamina instability. 7. Hypomobility. 8. Hyper mobility. 9. Protection of other injured country ( s ) . 10. Interplay of above. 1.6 PHATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TENDINITIS TENSILE TENDINITIS Tendon map is to convey contractile force of affiliated musculus to cram, facia or other constructions to which it is inserted. Thus it is structured to defy tensile forces applied parallel with the collagen packages of which it is composed. Compressive and shearing forces are ill transmitted. The crosslink construction of tropocollagen molecules contributes to strength of burden sharing agreement. If the tensile force strains the fibres to beyond 8-10 % of their resting length, the cross nexus fails and if continued causes harm and rupture depending on strength of force. In these patients eccentric lading may be rather harmful though biceps and triceps tendinitis respond favourably to eccentric burden. It is non indicated in supraspinatus tendonitis. ( Curwin and Stanish 1984 ) . IMPINGEMENT TENDINITIS Here direct compaction forces cause mechanical injury in add-on to any tensile overloading. This is more likely to do physical harm to existent collagen construction in add-on to tensile failure. Elevation of arm involves matching of forces around the shoulder blade and across the glenohumeral articulation. Activity of the rotator turnup controls the stableness of the humeral caput as the larger musculuss raise the arm. The tendon interpolation angle of some of the turnup musculuss allow them to lend a downward force to the humeral caput, viz. the teres minor, subscapularis and lower infraspinatus. If these musculuss are inhibited by hurting or weakened due to chronic nursing of a sore shoulder, superior migration of the humeral caput will happen to a greater grade, with attendant addition in subacromial encroachment.This gives the character of chronicity and patterned advance of the syndrome to inadequate and inappropriate intervention. 1.7 NEED FOR STUDY The intent of this survey was to measure whether the joint mobilisation as a constituent of comprehensive intervention provided any added effectivity in cut downing hurting and bettering active gesture and map in patients with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome in over caput events. The specific hypotheses were that patients diagnosed with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome, treated with manual joint mobilisation combined with hot battalions, active scope of gesture, physiologic stretching, musculus strengthening exercisings, soft tissue mobilisation and patient instruction would see: Less hurting strength upon subacromial compaction testing. Greater active scope of gesture. The principle behind usage of mobilisation in shoulder encroachment syndrome is that it decreases capsular limitation and reduces redness when little amplitude motions are given. 1.8 INCLUSION CRITERIA Pain about the superolateral shoulder part. Active scope of gesture shortages in humeral lift. Painful subacromial compaction. Limited functional motion forms in an elevated place. In some instances, clinical trials were supplemented with information from physician-interpreted X raies, MRI and CT scan surveies. Age 15-22 old ages. Male gender. 1.9 EXCLUSION CRITERIA Upper quarter-circle glade tests are done to govern out cervical, cubitus, carpus & A ; manus engagement. Shoulder instability. Primary shoulder blade thoracic disfunction. Phase 2nd and 3rd adhesive capsulitis. Third degree musculotendinious cryings. Advanced calcific tendonitis or bursitis. Severe devolution bony or ligaments alterations. Neurological engagement. Advanced acromioclavicular articulation disease. Unstable break of humerus, shoulder blade & A ; collarbone. 1.10 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The usage of mobilisation as a portion of comprehensive rehabilitation attention is still non in trend and my survey aims to sketch the benefits of integrating it into intervention governments. There are merely few surveies done in this peculiar country and needs more nonsubjective findings. It is this dearth my survey aims to bridge. 1.11 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The aim of the survey is to measure the consequence of joint mobilisation as a constituent of comprehensive intervention for primary shoulder encroachment syndrome in footings of early recovery, fast return to functional activities when compared to conventional physical therapy devoid of mobilisation. 1.12 Premise The pre and station values of scope of gesture and trouble graduated table should demo a proportionate alteration in the functional result with a high correlativity. 1.13 PROJECTED OUTCOMEâ€Å" Joint MOBILIZATION UNDER DIRECT PHYSIOTHERAPY SUPERVISION DOES HAVE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OVER CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT AS FAR AS FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY IS CONCERNED †1.14 THE HYPOTHESIS The void hypothesis for the survey is stated as followsâ€Å" There is no important difference in the result between conventional physical therapy intercession and joint mobilisation techniques in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome † .The alternate hypothesis is stated as follows in conformity with the projected resultâ€Å" Joint mobilisation under direct physical therapy supervising does hold important alterations over conventional intervention every bit far as functional recovery is concerned † .REVIEW OF LITERATURE The reappraisal for this survey was carried out in three countries viz: Effectss of conservative intervention in shoulder encroachment syndrome. Diagnosis of shoulder encroachment syndrome. Epidemiologic surveies on shoulder encroachment syndrome and possible surgical intercessions. 2.1 EFFECTS OF CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT IN SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME. Douglas E. Conroy and Karen W Hayes in their article on â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the athlete shoulder † have once and for all stated that the topics having joint mobilisation and comprehensive intervention would hold improved mobility and map compared to similar patients having comprehensive intervention entirely. The following survey was indiscriminately assigned to experimental and command groups. Three blinded judges tested 24-hour hurting ( ocular parallel graduated table ) , pain with subacromial compaction trial, active scope of gesture ( goniometry ) and map ( making frontward, behind the caput and across the organic structure in over head place ) before and after 9 interventions. Age, side of laterality, continuance of symptoms, intervention attending, exercise quality and attachment had no consequence on the result. In this assignment, the experimental group improved on all variables, while the control group improved merely on mobility and map. Mobilization decr eased 24-hour hurting and hurting with subacromial compaction trial in patients with primary encroachment Syndrome. ( J Orthop Sports Phys. Ther. Mar 1998 ) . Hawkynss RJ and Hobeika PE in their article on â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the athlete shoulder † have once and for all stated that the impingement syndrome may slop over at any clip to affect the next biceps tendon, subacromical Bursa and acromio-claviular articulation and as a continuum, with the transition of clip, may eventuate in devolution and partial, even complete thickness, rotator turnup cryings subsequently in life. They besides recommend careful warm-up exercisings, occasional remainder by avoiding piquing motion and local modes of ice, ultrasound and transcutantaneous stimulation along with pharmacotherapy. They besides province surgical decompression and unequivocal acromioplasty could be performed. ( Cl. Sports. Med. Jul 1983 ) . Bak K and Magnusson SP have emphasized that internal rotary motion might be much more affected than the external rotary motion which might do superior migration of humeral caput. They besides province that scope of gesture in shoulder demand non correlate with the happening of shoulder hurting. ( Am. J. Sport Med, Jul 1997 ) . Homes CF and associates of University of Arkansas have concluded that intensive patient instruction, place plan, curative exercisings and specific manual mobilisation has better patient conformity and lesser abnormalcies on nonsubjective scrutiny after 1 year. ( J.Orthop. Sports. Phys. Ther. Dec 1997 ) . McCann PD and Bigliani LU in their article on â€Å" Shoulder hurting in tennis participants † has emphasized rotator turnup and scapular musculus strengthening and surgical stabilisation of the capsulo-labral composite for patients who fail rehabilitation plan. Prevention of hurt in tennis participants seem to depend upon flexibleness, strength and synchronism among the gleno-humeral and scapular musculuss. ( Sports Med. Jan 1994 ) . Carpenter JE et al. , in their article in MDX wellness digest have found out that there is an addition in threshold for motion proprioception by 73 % . This lessening in proprioceptive esthesis might play a critical function in diminishing athletic public presentation and in weariness related disfunction. Thought it is still dubious if developing improves the perceptual experience, this is an of import determination that has farfetched deductions in the intervention of shoulder impingement syndrome as weariness might be rather common with the lessening vascularity and injury to the construction of rotator turnup. ( Am. J. Sports Med Mar 1998 ) . Scheib JS from university of Tennessee Medical Center has stated that overexploitation sydromes mandate remainder and control of redness through drugs and physical modes. He prescribed a gradual patterned advance of beef uping plan and any return of symptoms should be adequately and quickly appraised and treated. He emphasized that proper conservative intervention entirely prevents patterned advance of impingement syndromes. ( Rheum. Dis. Clin. North.Am Nov 1990 ) . Morrrison DS and collegues have shown that non operative intervention of shoulder encroachment syndrome resulted in important betterments. In their survey of 413 patients 67 % had a good recovery while 28 % had to travel for arthroscopic processs. Further age, gender and attendant tenderness of acromio-clavicular articulation did non impact the result significantly. ( J.Bone and Joint Surg. Am. May 1997 ) . Brewer BJ has documented a structural alteration of the greater tubercle and progressive devolution of all elements of the sinewy constructions that is age related with progressive ( 1 ) osteitis of the greater tubercle, cystic devolution, and abnormality of the cortical border ; ( 2 ) degenerative sulcus between the greater tubercle and the articular surface ; ( 3 ) break of the unity of the fond regard of the sinew to the bone by Sharpey ‘s fibres ; ( 4 ) loss of cellularity, loss of staining quality, and atomization of the sinew ; ( 5 ) decline of the vascularity of the sinew ; and ( 6 ) dimmunition of fibrocartiage. ( Am J Sports Med, Mar-Apr 1979 ) . Kinger A et al. , stated that volleyball participants have a different muscular and capsular form at the playing shoulder compared to the opposite shoulder. Their playing shoulder is depressed, the scapular lateralized, the dorsal musculuss and the buttocks and inferior portion of the shoulder capsule shortened. These differences were of more significance in volleyball participants with shoulder hurting than in volleyball participants without shoulder hurting. Muscular balance of the shoulder girdle is really of import in this athletics. It is hence imperative to include equal stretching and muscular preparation plan for the bar, every bit good as for therapy, of shoulder hurting in volleyball participants. ( Br J Sports Med, Sep 1996 ) . Jobe FW, Kvitne RS, Giangarra CE in their article â€Å" shoulder hurting in the overhand or throwing athlete- the relationship of anterior instability and rotator turnup encroachment † , shoulder hurting in the overhand or throwing athlete can frequently be traced to the stabilising mechanisms of the glenohumeral articulation. Neer CS, Craig EV, Fukuda H: Following a monolithic tear of the rotator turnup there is inaction and neglect of the shoulder, leaking of the synovial fluid, and instability of the humeral caput. These events in bend consequence in both nutritionary and mechanical factors that cause wasting of the glenohumeral articular gristle and oesteoporosis of the subchondral bone of the humeral caput. A monolithic tear besides allows the humeral caput to be displaced upward, doing subacromial encroachment that in clip erodes the anterior part of the acromial process and the acromioclavicular articulation. Finally the soft, atrophic caput prostrations, bring forthing the complete syndrome of cuff-tear arthropathy. They besides recognized cuff-tear arthopathy as a distinguishable pathological entity, as such acknowledgment enhances our apprehension of the more common impingement lesions. ( J bone Joint Surg [ Am ] , Dec 1983 ) . Flatow EL and associates of Orthopaedic Research Laboratoty, New York Orthopaedic Hospital, on the biomechanics of humerus with acromial process provinces that contact starts at the anterolateral border of the acromial process at 0 grades of lift, it shifts medially with arm lift. On the humeral surface, contact displacements from proximal to distal on the supraspinatus sinew with arm lift. When external rotary motion is decreased, distal and posterior displacement in contact is noted. Acromial bottom and rotator turnup sinews are in closest propinquity between 60 grades and 120 grades of lift ; contact was systematically more marked for type III acromial processs. Mean acromiohumeral interval was 11.1 millimeter at 0 grades of lift and decreased to 5.7 millimeters at 90 grades, when greater tubercle was closest to the acromial process. Contact centres on the supraspinatus interpolation, proposing altered jaunt of the greater tubercle may ab initio damage this rotator turnup part. Co nditionss restricting external rotary motion or lift may besides increase rotator cuff compaction. Marked addition in contact with Type III acromial processs supports the function of anterior acromioplasty when clinically indicated, normally in older patients with primary encroachment. ( Am J Sports Med, Nov-Dec 1994 ) . Hawkins RJ, Abrams JS in â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the absence of rotator turnup tear ( stages 1 and 2 ) † lay accent on prophylaxis in bad populations, such as hurlers and swimmers. Once symptoms occur, the bulk can be successfully managed with nonoperative steps. Prolonged failure of conservative attention prior to rotator turnup tear requires surgical decompression with predictable success in most. ( Orthop clin North Am, Jul 1994 ) . Hjelm R, Draper C, Spencer S supported the construct that capsular ligament non merely supply restraint, but are specifically oriented to steer and focus on the humeral caput on the glenoid during shoulder motions. Glenohumeral ligament length inadequacy can be the primary cause of shoulder hurting, runing from frozen shoulder to impingement like symptoms. Proper capsular ligament length can be restored with manual techniques. All patients with shoulder hurting should hold capsular ligament appraisal to guarantee proper glenohumeral mechanics. ( J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, Mar 1996 ) . 2.2. DIAGNOSIS OF SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME. Read JW and Perko M concluded that ultrasound is a sensitive and accurate method of placing patients with full thickness cryings of the rotator turnup, extracapsular biceps tendon pathology or both. Dynamic ultrasound can assist corroborate but non except the clinical diagnosing of encroachment. ( J.Shoulder elbow surgery may 1998 ) . Masala S et al. , in their survey on impingement syndrome of shoulder have proved that CT and MRI are more dependable and accurate diagnostic methods. CT scan is sensitive to even cold-shoulder bony alterations and MRI detects tendon, Bursa and rotator turnup alterations. However they suggest obviously X raies to be performed as a first process. ( Radiol. Med Jan 1995 ) . This thought of MRI being sensitive to name encroachment has besides been confirmed by Rossi F ( Eur.J.Radiol. May 1998 ) . However, Holder J has concluded that distinction between tendinopathy and partial cryings might be hard utilizing MRI imagination. ( Radiologe Dec 1996 ) . Corso G has emphasized the usage of impingement alleviation trial as an adjunctive process to traditional assesement of shoulder encroachment Syndrome. This purportedly helps in insulating the primary tissue lesion. Such that conservative direction could be addressed to that specific construction ( J.ortho. Phys Ther, Nov 1995 ) . Brossmann J and collegues from the veterans disposal medical centre of California have stated that MR imagination of different shoulder places may assist uncover the pathogenesis of shoulder encroachment Syndrome. ( AJR Am. J Roentgenol. Dec 1996 ) . Deutsch A, Altcheck DW et al. , have shown that patients with phase II and phase III encroachment had a larger scapulothoracic constituent than the normal shoulder during abduction motion. The superior migration of humeral caput is likely the consequence of turnup failure, either partial or complete. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME AND POSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS. An epidemiological survey on shoulder encroachment syndrome by Lo YP, Hsu YC and Chan KM in 372 participants found that 163 individuals ( 43.8 % ) had shoulder jobs and 109 participants ( 29 % ) had shoulder hurting. The prevalence of shoulder hurting ranked highest among volley ball participants ( N= 28 ) followed by swimmers ( N= 22 ) while badminton, hoops and tennis participants were every bit affected ( N= 10 ) . ( Br.J.Sports Med, sep 1990 ) Fluerst Ml has stated impingement syndrome to be one among the 10 most common athleticss hurts and impute it to unstable design of the joint. He suggests exercising to rotator turnup beef uping to keep the shoulder in topographic point and forestalling disruptions ( American Health Oct 1994 ) . Fu FH, Harner CD and Klein AH classifies encroachment into 2 classs Primary and Secondary. Primary being caused by nonathletic hurts of supraspinatus sinew while secondary is caused by athletic hurts due to unstable forms of motion ( nerve-racking and end scopes ) . This they concluded will enable better clinical attacks. ( Clin. Orthop Aug 1991 ) . Brox JL, Staff PH, Ljunggren AE & A ; Brevik JL used Neer shoulder mark and found that surgery and supervised exercising plan decidedly had an improved rotary motion when compared to placebo intervention. ( BMJ Oct 1993 ) . Burns Tp, turba JE found that after arthroscopic subacromial decompression mean clip for return to college degree competitions was 6.6 months. However no infection or neurovascular complications were found. ( Am.J. Sports Med. Jan 1992 ) . Blevins FT has suggested categorization of rotator cuff hurt and disfunction based on etiology as primary encroachment, primary tensile overload and secondary encroachment and tensile overload ensuing from glenohumeral instability. Arthoscopic scrutiny shows anterior capsular laxness ( positive â€Å" thrust through mark † ) every bit good as superior posterior labral and cuff hurt typical of internal encroachment. If rehabilitation entirely is non successful a capsulolabral fix followed by rehabilitation may let the jock to return to their old degree of competition. Athletes with acute episodes of macrotrauma to the shoulder ensuing in turnup pathology normally presents with hurting, limited active lift and a positive â€Å" shrug-sign † . Arthroscopy and debridement of thickened, inflamed or scarred subacromial Bursa with cuff fix or debridement as indicated is normally successful in those who do non react to a rehabilitation plan. ( Sports Med.1997 ) . MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY The patients were selected based on an initial baseline appraisal and conformation of their diagnosing. The survey design was pretest /posttest control group design. Control group did non undergo mobilisation but underwent all physical therapy steps. Experimental group underwent mobilisation in add-on to the conventional rehabilitation intercessions. 3.1 SUBJECTS Inclusion standards: All patients were males and belonged to age group of 15-22 old ages. The patients were chiefly diagnosed and evaluated by orthopaedic sawboness and referred to physiotherapy section. All topics who were diagnosed to hold an sole shoulder encroachment syndrome were selected based on symptoms like: Pain about the superolateral shoulder part. Active scope of gesture shortage in humeral lift. Painful subacromial compaction Limited functional motion forms in elevated places. Exclusion standards: 1. History of capsular, ligament, sinew and labrum hurts. 2. Any recent surgeries carried out in and around shoulder articulation. 3. Any neurovascular comorbidities of the involved upper appendage. 4. Any pathology around the shoulder like periarthritis, calcified tendonitis, stop dead shoulders, AC arthritis etc. 3.2 ASSESSMENT TOOLS USED: 1. Assessment Chart 2. Ocular Analog graduated table 3. Goniometry 4. Functional Assessment Scale Visual Analogue graduated table in per centum 40-60 % 60-80 % 80-100 % Least Pain Max. Pain Functional Assessment Scale Reach TO EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE CAN Make CAN Make WITH PAIN CAN NOT Make Reach OVERHEAD 135a- ¦ CAN Make CAN Make WITH PAIN CAN NOT Make REACHING SPINOUS Procedure CAN Make CAN Make WITH PAIN CAN NOT Make GONIOMETRY Measurements Active and inactive scope of gestures for shoulder: Abduction, flexure, internal and external rotary motions were measured and recorded utilizing standard goniometer. SHOULDER EVALUATION CHART Name: Age: Sexual activity: Occupation: Chief Ailments: PAST MEDICAL History: PRESENT MEDICAL HISTORY: ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS: Inspection: ANY MASS OR Swelling Stain Deformity Scars ATROPHY ( GIRTH MEASUREMENT ) Palpation Multitude Tenderness Heat Examination RANGE OF MOTION ACTIVE RANGE OF MOTION: PASSIVE RANGE OF MOTION: Motion PRE-TREATMENT POST TREATMENT Flexure Abduction INTERNAL ROTATION EXTERNAL ROTATION PAIN ASSESSMENT Type Site Side AGGRAVATING Factor RELIEVING Factor 3.3METHODOLOGY In this survey the statistic used to compare the control and experimental group was Independent t-test. The Campbell and Stanley notation for the design is as follows: 0 x1 0 0 x2 0 Where, 0 is observation and ten represents intercession ( X1-physical therapy without mobilisation and X2-intervention with mobilisation ) . The t-test was performed utilizing the expression for independent t-test which is as follows: Where X1 – Mean of the control group X2 – Mean of the experimental group S1 – Std.deviation of control group S2 – Std.deviation of experimental group N1 -No.of patients in control group N2 – No.of patients in experimental group TI ± for N-1 grades of freedom for t13=2.16 IMPINGEMENT REHABILITATION PROTOCOL Impingement is a chronic inflammatory procedure produced as the Rotator turnup musculuss ( supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres minor and subscapularis ) and the subdeltoid Bursa are pinched against the coracoacromial ligament and the anterior acromial process when the discharge is raised above 80 grades. The supraspinatous/infraspinatous part of the rotator turnup is the most common country of encroachment. This syndrome is normally seen in throwing athleticss, racquet athleticss and in swimmers ; but can be present in anyone who uses their arm repetitively in a place over 90 grades of lift. This three phased plan can be utilized for both conservative and surgical encroachment clients. The protocol serves as a usher to achieve maximal map in a minimum clip period. This systematic attack allows specific ends and standards to be met and ensures the safe patterned advance of the rehabilitation procedure. PHASES OF REHABILITATION PHASE 1: MAXIMAL PROTECTION ACUTE STAGE Goals: 1. Relieve hurting and puffiness 2. Decrease redness 3. Retard musculus wasting 4. Maintain/increase flexibleness Technique: Active remainder Hot battalions Mobilizations: GradeI/II Inferior and posterior semivowels in scapular plane Additional local modes: Ten Pendulum exercisings AAROM-Limited symptom-free available scope Rope and block flexure T-Bar flexure and impersonal external rotary motion Isometrics-Submaximal External and internal rotary motion, biceps, deltoid Patient instruction Sing: activity, pathology and turning away of overhead activity, making and raising activities. GUIDES FOR PROGRESSION: 1. Decreased hurting and/or symptoms 2. Read-only memory increased 3. Painful discharge in abduction merely 4. Muscular map improved PHASE II: MOTION PHASE-SUBACUTE PHASE Goals: 1. Re-establish non-painful Read-only memory 2. Normalize arthrokinematics of shoulder composite 3. Retard muscular wasting without aggravation Technique: Hot battalions Ultrasound/phonophorosis Mobilizations: Grade II/IV Inferior, anterior and posterior semivowels Combined semivowels as requires Anterior and posterior capsular stretching Scapulothoracic strengthening exercisings Continue isometrics AAROM: Rope and block: Flexure Abduction, symptom free gesture T-bar lift: Flexure Abduction, symptom free gesture External rotary motion in 45o of abduction, advancement to 90o abduction. Internal rotary motion in 45o of abduction, advancement to 90o abduction. GUIDE FOR PROGRESSION: Get down to integrate intermediate strengthening exercisings as: Pain or symptoms lessenings AAROM normalizes Muscular strength improves PHASE III: Intermediate Strengthening Phase Goals: Normalized Read-only memory Symptom-free normal activities Improved muscular public presentation Aggressive T-Bar AAROM all planes Continue self capsular stretching ( anterior/posterior ) Chair imperativeness Initiate isosmotic Dumbbell plan: Sideling impersonal: Internal rotary motion External rotary motion Prone: Extension Horizontal abduction Standing: Flexure to 90o Abduction to 90o Supraspinatous Serratus exercises-wall push-ups Initiate tubing patterned advance in little abduction for internal/external rotary motion. GUIDES FOR PROGRESSION: Full non-painful ROM No pain/tenderness 70 % contra-lateral strength The whole protocol covers about 12 hebdomads for every patients and the patient is progressed through the assorted stages in conformity with the symptoms. The control group was non given mobilisation while experimental group went through the same protocol along with appropriate magnitude of joint mobilisation. 5.1 RANGE OF MOTION Flexure: The control group had a average betterment of 17.5A ±5.84 while the experimental group showed a 32.57A ±6 betterment. The t-test performed between them showed extremely important figures with t=6.73 at p-0.05. Abduction: Here the control group had an betterment of 56.57A ±10.06 as against the experimental group betterment of 79.21A ±10.64. The t-test was performed and showed a t-value of 5.78 at p=0.05. Internal rotary motion and external rotary motion: Experimental group showed greater betterment compared to command group with 27.21A ±7.8, 11.14A ±5.1 severally for internal rotary motion. The external rotary motion showed 36.92A ±5.95 for experimental group and for control group it showed merely 20.85A ±8.5. The t-values calculated showed 6.45 and 5.81 for internal and external rotary motions severally which are statistically important. 5.2 Pain There was important lessening in hurting in both the groups as observed. The control group showed a average lessening of44.38A ±8.5 % .The t-values calculated to compare them showed a value of 4.18 at p=0.05. Based on the independent t-test performed for 5 variables in pre-test and post-test control group design we conclude that there is important betterment in the symptomatology and addition of functional activities with joint mobilisation in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Therefore the void hypothesis is rejected and therefore the alternate hypothesis is accepted. So shoulder joint mobilisation is proven to be effectual in the overall rehabilitation of shoulder encroachment syndrome. The undermentioned tabular arraies show the functional recovery forms in the samples selected in the control and experimental group. 6. Discussion As we go through the informations collected in this survey it can be seen that there is really high one-dimensionality in the betterment of the patients with shoulder impingement syndrome in both conventional physical therapy and physical therapy with joint mobilisation. However it can be seen that the magnitude of betterment in the experimental group is much more greater than the control group. It should be emphasized here that the control group besides shows considerable betterment irrespective of the joint mobilisation, unluckily though the Abduction Range of Motion does non travel beyond 150 grades. It is for this ground that athletes come for physical therapy. The overhead activity is accomplished in the experimental group with scope increasing to every bit much as 175 grades. The internal rotary motion besides seems to increase more in the experimental group than the control group with scope addition to every bit much as 67o as against the 50 grades of the control group. This is in concurrence with the literature reappraisal and besides it seems that internal rotary motion is more affected than the external rotary motion. It is besides reflected in the form of recovery in external rotary motion to about 80 plus grades. Probably the capsular forms have a say in this recovery. The abduction besides seems to demo greater divergences from the mean difference likely because it has much more functional significance than other motions taken into consideration. Pain has decreased more than half the original in experimental group because of the rectification of pathomechanics and decompression provided by the joint mobilisation. Control group by contrast shows merely approximately 45 % lessening in the hurting. It should be noted that hurting may do early muscular weariness due to unnatural enlisting forms ( musculuss are less compliant during hurting ) . This leads to abnormal joint motion perceptual experience which may further augment the job doing more uncomfortableness and harm than the original injury itself. 7. Decision The literature reappraisal done and the statistical analysis done from the informations collected from this survey have shown that joint mobilisation is a technique that can assist in early recovery of the ailing jock. This survey has the restriction that it analyses jocks from assorted featuring activities and has been done merely in 14 topics which is quite a little sample. farther surveies which has larger sample size and more distinct choice control will throw much better visible radiation on the betterment form herein observed. The overall intervention should stress on the rotational and abduction constituents of the shoulder motions which predispose the joint constructions to be more profound emphasis than other motions. The conservative intervention of the shoulder encroachment syndrome is more aggressive than antecedently advocated. However there should be some cautiousness if there is supraspinatus engagement for which bizarre burden is contraindicated. Finally it can be through empirical observation stated that joint mobilisation is a valuable constituent in the comprehensive rehabilitation of the shoulder impingement syndrome patients and should be used judiciously after thorough clinical rating for associated comorbidities that contraindicate mobilisation. 8. APPENDIX 8.1 Particular TESTS Drop Arm Test: If the patient can non prolong abduction against minimum opposition or lower his arm swimmingly the trial is positive, implicating a supraspinatus sinew or rotator turnup tear. Impingement Syndrome Test: If inactive compaction of greater tubercle against the coracoacromial ligament or acromian reproduces the hurting, the trial is positive, implicating bicipital or suprapinatus sinew or subcromial Bursa pathology. Yergason Trial: Resisted elbow flexure and shoulder median shoulder rotary motion reproduce hurting or snapping in the anterior upper arm, the trial is positive implicating instability of the long caput of biceps sinews in the bicipital channel. Subacromial Compression Test: The judge positioned one manus over the acromian of the shoulder blade for stabilisation. The other manus was positioned on the ulnar proximal forearm. The arm was passively elevated into the stabilised acromian. Then the cubitus flexed to 90Es and forearm in a relaxed, palm down place. Once elevated, the arm was moved anteriorly and posteriorly in the horizontal plane, trying to compact all parts of the subacromial articulation thereby reproduce hurting. Following each trial the topic was asked to rate his or her strivings in ocular parallel graduated table. 8.2 Mobilization Prior to soft tissue intervention, the experimental group received a series of mobilisation techniques to the subacromial and glenohumeral articulations. The technique was styled by MAITLAND described in Carolyn Kisner & A ; Lynn Allen Colby, depending on the way of limitation in the capsular extensibility of each topic, following four separate techniques were employed. Inferior semivowel ( fig-a ) Posterior semivowel ( fig-b ) Anterior semivowel ( fig-c ) Long axis grip ( fig-d )

About Tun Mahathir

They were married in August 1956. They were given seven children that is Marina (now known as Datin Paduka Marina), Mirzan, Melinda, Mokhzani (now known as Datuk Mohzani), Mukriz (now known as Datuk Mukriz), Maizura and Mazhar. Tun Dr. Mahathir was opened his own clinic with Dr. Siti Hasmah at Jalan Tunku Ibrahim, Alor Setar. The clinic was named MAHA. It was the first malay clinic in Kedah. The clinic was opened after his contract with the government expired. He was appointed as Chairman of first Higher Education Council 1968, Member of the Higher Education Advisory Council in 1972, Member of The University Court and University of Malaya Council, and Chairman of the National University Council in 1974 because of his deep interest in education. When he be the Minister Of Education, he planning formation of Maktab Rendah Sains Mara (MRSM) and also give more opportunity to malay student for continuing their study at the institute of Higher Education. Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister when Tun Hussein Onn was third Prime Minister of Malaysia. As he be the Education Minister, Dr Mahathir was promoted to be the ministry of Trade and Industry in 1978. He also the Chairman of Investment Committee of the cabinet. On July 16, 1981, Dr Mahathir was appointed as fourth Prime Minister at age of 55 because the third Prime Minister, Tun Hussein Onn resign because of health problem. He was called â€Å"Father of Modernisation in Malaysia† and was the longer leader that lead Malaysia from 16 July 1981 until 31 October 2003. Dr Mahathir was the first Prime Minister that not been educate in Britain. During be the Prime Minister, he changed global perception of Malaysia. During 22 years leading Malaysia, many progresses and development he done. Dr Mahathir had been control the world economy when it was downturn. The mission that he plan and target always getting the target. Dr Mahathir has changed the basic economic sectors of the country from an agricultural based to an industrial-based country. In early 1980, Dr Mahathir decided to various dependence on commodities. Moreover, he had introduced Malaysia Incorporated Policy where Malaysia were assumed as the company and the people as the employees and the shareholders. Dr. Mahathir was managed a mega project he trigger that is Multimedia Super Corridor(MSC). This project realized by Dr Mahathir because he was interest in information and communications technology (ICT) in today’s commercial world and the future. Among the mega projects that he developed when being a ‘CEO’ Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur International Airpot (KLIA), Jalil National Stadium, the Sepang International Circuit, a prestigious motorsport racing, Formula One and the Petronas Twin Towers. Over 22 years, Dr Mahathis led Malaysia, Malaysia was being to the arena of excellence. As a developing country and a leading Islamic country Malaysia getting success and being recognized to the world.

Speech to inform Outline Rubric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Speech to inform Outline Rubric - Essay Example . I tend to behave differently when I visit my parents’ households. In my opinion maintaining one’s culture is a crucial part of life, it sort of gives any individual an identity unique from others. In my family, my mother is African while my Father is from Saudi Arabia. This definitely makes me multiracial. Nonetheless, I tend to be more with my father’s culture since we reside with them and I have stayed with them longer than my mother’s family. The discourses can be diverse but at some point similar in terms of values. Following all these, I also have been affected in school since I come from different races. I will therefore take you through my experiences from both cultures for a better understanding of their discourse. I will explain the similarities as well as differences between the two, and the impact they both have had in my life especially when I was growing up. Transition: Despite the many differences with the two discourse cultures, they share a number of similar values which in my opinion make them compatible to intermarry, as my parents did. Here are some of the similarities. Transition: As I have explained, Discourse culture basically brings out the difference in the culture of communities. My Saudi Arabian and African discourses have their differences and similarities also they have had some negative effects on me. It is my hope that through my multiracial identity you now comprehend what discourse culture is. The two cultures are different in some way especially when visiting other people but have similarities. Respect for family unity is a similar in both of my races. I have been discriminated but have survived it all since I love both my mother and father so dearly. My challenge to all of you is to stop racism, if anyone of you still believes in discrimination upon race then this is a reason on why you should see the world and the people in it differently. We cannot all be the same and

Multiversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Multiversity - Essay Example ty thus resulted in the incorporation of different communities within a single setting thus; developing holistic individuals with a propensity to interact ad integrate ideas. Clark Kerr in his article the idea of a multiversity investigates the history of the idea and its ramification to the contemporary world and the academic environments. The brainchildren of the idea had a number of specific convenience issue that they sought to address by developing the idea. The historical evolution of higher education through the subsequent introduction of the idea of a multiversity was progressive and a result of several structural and management changes in the governance of the facilities of higher education as the discussion below reveals. Kerr begins his article by investigating the origin of universities as institutions of higher learning. The earliest universities such as Oxford, Bologna, and Edinburg had specific structures that necessitate the management of the single institutions that specialized in single courses offered in single campuses. The administrative structures of the facilities necessitated the management of the facilities as single entities with each university at the time specializing is single disciplines. However, with time and the resultant changes in the social environment, the society became more liberal with the demand for education increasing in the western world among other regions globally. Such leading and prestigious institutions therefore led the change into more liberal and diversified learning institutions thereby permitting the inclusion of more courses and campuses leading to the development of the multiversity concept â€Å" it was clear that by 1930 that universities have changed profoundly and commonly in the direction of social evolution of which they are part† Kerr 3. In this statement, Kerr acknowledges that institutions of higher learning such as universities existed as part of the society and therefore had to represent the social

Martin Luther and the German Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Martin Luther and the German Reformation - Essay Example d Though both these extracts logically defy the papal authority and power, yet the â€Å"Address to German Nobility† is more sonorous in tone and diction, and sarcastically condemns the ways adopted and observed by the clergy, in comparison with the :Captivity of the Church.† e Since Luther witnessed the division of the Christian community into the clergy, the nobility and the peasantry, where the former two groups were exploiting the later, so declaring every Christian was extremely essential to eliminate class discrimination from the religion. (Answers): 2 a By justification, Luther simply means the criteria applied by the pope and priests to estimate the character and deeds of ordinary Christians, though Luther views it as entirely a private subject. b Luther symbolises belief with tree, and actions with fruit. He simply states that if belief is at right direction, then actions will also be accurate. However, the Church vehemently looks for good deeds to please the Lo rd, which is in contrast to the Lutheran teachings. c Luther has selected trees and fruits in order to explain the intention and action. He supports faith in comparison to acts, and views faith far more sublime than behaviour. Trees are symbol of origin, while fruit represents actions, so Luther applies these concepts to clarify his point. d Since explaining different things with the help of examples, symbols and signs is helpful in making things clear, Luther’s straightforward and logical description is certainly convincing. e Every religion has described some specific code of life to lead a pious life, and if we revolt against the religious laws by observing the behaviour of our own choice, it will harm and hurt others physically and sentimentally. Consequently, Luther’s good work notion will also endanger law and order situation. (Answers): 3 a Since Christians have taken oath of doing good with the fellow-beings, killing and hurting others comes under the definitio n of forfeiting one’s body and soul. b The ruler’s not tolerating the Gospel even means that even a ruler is going against the Biblical teachings; he should not be attacked, revolted or killed. c Luther views slandering of God’s holy name as the most obnoxious act, which has been turned down with greatest displeasure by him. d Luther preaches the subjects to be loyal and obedient to the rulers at any cast, as it is the essential element of Christ’s teachings. Similarly, the rulers should be kind and sympathetic to the people to please the Lord. Somehow, he lays stress on the subjects to remain complying to the commands and orders of the rulers. e The tone of these extracts appears to be sad, gloomy and distressing, as Luther condemns the desecration of churches and monasteries, as well as the burning and killing of the fellow-beings. TASK-II: The present paper aims to analyse two 20th century secondary sources related to Luther’s reformation moveme nt launched in Germany during the early years of 16th century. These include â€Å"Luther’s Teachings – Luther and the German Reformation 1517-1555† by Keith Randell (1989) and â€Å"Progress of Reform-The Protestant Reformation in Europe† by Andrew Johnston (1991). Both these sources are secondary in nature, where Randell’s article has been created for Catholic priests and religious circles only, while the

Evidence-Based Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evidence-Based Practice - Essay Example EBP allows the practitioner to assess current and past research, clinical guidelines, and other information resources in order to identify relevant literature while differentiating between high-quality and low-quality findings. The practice of Evidence-Based Practice includes five fundamental steps. EBP utilises various methods to encourage, professionals and other decision-makers to critically analyse evidence that help them make right decision. Where EBP is applied, it encourages professionals to use the best evidence possible, i.e. the most appropriate information available. For example, in medicine, it is used to make clinical decisions for individual patients. " Evidence-based is one of the most used , and perhaps least understood adjective in heathcare toaday. It was previously applied almost exclusively in the term evidence based medicine , but happily terms such as 'evidence based practice' are becoming more widespread Nurses , the largest group of professionals , who provide health care , have been at the forefront in recognising the need to identify, evaluate & apply test practices to their clinical practice. (Craig J, Smyth R , Preface , page 14) What is the imporatnce of EBP Why the necessity for adoption of EBP arose Evidence-based practice is a philosophical approach that is in opposition to rules of thumb, folklore, and tradition. Examples of a reliance on "the way it was always done" can be found in almost every profession, even when those practices are contradicted by new and better information. " Evidence based practice has been described as 'doing the right things right', ( Murir Gray 1997, page 18 ) .we need the evidence base to know what is 'right' to do , .if we can get it right , evidence-based approach will help to improve people's experiences of illness and health care , and good established nursing practices already does". (Craig J, Smyth R, Page 4- The context for EBP ) The theories of evidence based practice are becoming more commonplace in the nursing care. Nurses who are "baccalaureate prepared are expected to seek out and collaborate with other types of nurses to demonstrate the positives of a practice that is based on evidence. "Looking at a few types of articles to examine how this type of practice has influenced the standard of care is important but rarely internally valid. None of the articles specify what their biases are. Evidence based practice has gotten its reputation by examining the reasons why any and all procedures, treatments, and medicines are given. This is important for refining practice so the goal of assuring patient safety is met.(Duffy P, Fisher C, Munroe D) Evidence-based practice is defined in medicine as 'the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values'(Itzia J, Wood N.) Another author(Ailinger RL,

Childhood Obesity and Cognitive Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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The Euro Debt Crisis and Consequences for the Developing Nations Essay

The Euro Debt Crisis and Consequences for the Developing Nations - Essay Example As an important trading block, there is no doubt that effects have already been spread elsewhere, with the developing nations having a share of the crisis. Accordingly, the global growth momentum is projected to slow down by more than one percent between the year 2010 and 2012 (IMF 8). Unemployment within the Euro zone is degenerating and surging upwards. In fact, the UK has registered a new level high in 17 years. Growth prospects are not any better in the United States with the Senate blocking Obama’s jobs bill. The euro has lost substantial ground against the dollar, whereas the Chinese Yuan has been gaining ground, a fact that has prompted the US to threaten China with trade sanctions, unless they devalue their currency. Do the less developed nations have anything to worry concerning the Euro crisis? Through what transmission mechanism could the developing nations experience the Euro zone debt crisis effects? While Germany and the UK are taking the lead in steering the Eur o zone towards a complete makeover with seemingly harsh austerity measures, especially to countries believed to be the architects of the crisis, developing countries are yet to feel the pinch of the crisis. As witnessed in the degenerative effects of the global financial crisis, the less developed nations were not hit hard mostly due to their limited financial integration with the world economy. Even though the effects delayed mostly in African countries, trade ties, capital flows, tourism, remittances from abroad, and foreign aid among other channels eventually led to a significant slowdown in these economies. Just as it was with the global financial crisis, the euro debt crisis is likely to affect the less developed nation through three main transmis ­sion channels: financial networks, fiscal consolidation within the European nations currently struggling to overcome the crisis, and through the exchange rate. While the austerity measures as well the rescue package released that h as seen a combined effort of the IMF to that of the EU are timely and may be effective, it is very unlikely that the measures will offset the impact of the crisis on European economies within a record time frame as may be envisioned by many economists (Mhango par 1). From the fiscal measures that are already being adopted in unison, the possibility that the Europe nations are headed for a slow growth phase is very likely. The immediate and direct impacts of such measure are set to become more pronounced in trade links (Kandiero and Ndikumana par 4). As shown in the diagram below, it is evident that many developing nations, mostly Africans, are dependent on the European markets. The effects of European debt crisis could also reach the developing nations through sovereign risks, arising from the declines in tax revenues. This would potentially increase the costs of borrowing due to changes in risk premiums. In particular, those countries with high fiscal deficits are relatively expose d to the risk of re-pricing of risk premiums. Already the effects are being felt in certain countries that utterly depend on exports as income generating component of their economies. The crisis is slowly cutting down demand for exports from Africa. The effect that this has will translate in difficulties of these countries in maintaining planned levels off public expenditures including infrastructural

Socrates - A Great Teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Socrates - A Great Teacher - Essay Example Therefore, the society in which Socrates lived was the perfect place for his kind of philosophy, which was centred on the idea of teaching about the power of humanity and human law and justice rather than the wrath or benevolence of the Gods. I feel that I can learn from this because even though I am a person who has religion, I think it is important to focus on humanity as well as God. Socrates believed in superhuman power but equated it directly with humanity. The philosopher recognized that his actions were in some way controlled by the moral hesitation that preceded them or the moral retribution that followed them if they were negative. He thought that the voice inside of him that caused him to stop and reflect before performing a certain action was divine, and I think that this is a good lesson to learn and apply in everyday life, by following my conscience. Socrates saw the human conscience as a gift from the gods and therefore continued an expanding humanist tradition in his s ociety by relegating more and more power to humanity as being inspired by the Gods, rather than being directly and explicitly controlled, monitored, punished, and rewarded by them. I think that I can learn from Socrates’ humanism, because he can teach people to be good, and he seems to have good expectations for society. I want to learn this kind of optimism and apply it to my own life. More and more throughout his life, Socrates began to see that goodness was not a reflection of divine destiny or a means to personal advancement, but was inspired by a sense of universal justice. To Socrates, being just to all meant goodness. This reflects the sense of fairness or balance that was a central feature in Socrates’ philosophy, which can be compared to some of the Stoics’ argumentative and unbalanced polemical perspectives previously. I agree that fairness and justice are important things. Most important, Socrates is a great teacher, because he teaches his students  to question.

Strategy for Mobinil Essay Example for Free

Strategy for Mobinil Essay 1. Given all the changes in the branding strategy for Mobinil over the years, has the Mobinil brand conveyed a consistent meaning to customers? Is this a benefit or detriment as the mobile service provider business moves forward in Egypt with the entry of Etisalat and Vodafone? In my opinion, Mobinil has conveyed a consistent meaning to customers because even after years of existing, they still focus on their main mission – providing reliable and simple services that increase interaction and improve communication. I believe that entry of Etisalat and Vodafone was a benefit, because even though Mobinil was not a monopoly anymore, it still could learn from competitors and improve their service to satisfy customers’ needs. Mobinil does researches to be aware of competitors’ strengths and weaknesses that help the company to stay successful. 2. What is Mobinil selling? What are customers really buying? Mobinil is selling mobile devices and services. Customers are buying ability to communicate and on-the-go connectivity – core product. They are buying mobile devices and services – actual product. While buying mobile devices, people also get warranties and instructions that help them with using the device – augmented product. 3. Will the many reasons for Mobinil’s success continue to work with the increasing presence of Vodafone and Etisalat? Why or why not? In my opinion Mobinil will still be successful because the company always does researches to know what competitors are doing, so they can provide better service for their customers. Mobinil now is the leader for mobile services in Egypt and I believe they will continue to improve their work because of their successful marketing strategy and customers’ loyalty. 4. What futuristic strategic recommendations would you make to the Mobinil brand managers? Try to meet customer expectations and reach the desired level of excellence. Mobinil should also make more agreements with networks in

Canadian Politics Essay Example for Free

Canadian Politics Essay Some historical theorists say that the dissimilarities between America and Canada are established in the Revolution of America, a subject that dominated most studies in the history of Canadian. With the creation of the US, the core founders of the US supported republicanism, refusing the Westminster structure of parliamentary democracy. Republicanism that inspired Americans pressured independence, an aversion to corruption, and innovation, counterbalanced by an apparent need for loyalty to public duty. Many Americans in planning a unique American path, freighted, and therefore refusing, a sturdy nation, which is central government. This paper looks into the different ways to which the Canadian political structures differs with those of the US. America and Canada are both governed under constitutions; Canadas constitution is partly conventional and partly written, and that of the US fully codified. The ultimate interpreter of the constitutions of both countries is their own supreme courts. Nevertheless, the High Court of the US has a more stretched history of constitutional implementation than the High Court of Canada. Canada’s Constitution contains of Acts of both the legislature of the UK and the National Assembly of Canada, but because of the Canadas federalism, several Acts of regional parliaments like the lawmaking Assembly of Ontario. The Constitution was altered in 1982, at which the Canadian Charter of Rights, Freedoms and amending formulas were included. The other one basic concept on these differences is the dissimilarity between the US congressional system and the Canadian parliamentary system. More differences occur from the legal/political perception of division of powers and the authority of the head of state. The President of the US is the head of government and head of state, while Canada’s Prime Minister is not head state but only head of government (Charlton, 1998). Another distinction is the Governor General and his or her cabinet ministers- also playing roles as legislators, represent the combination of power in Canada’s system, with the part of the monarch. Ministers of the crown are normally directly elected by their respective electorates known as ridings who advise the monarch or the Vice Governor General on how to practice his Crown authority and as Members of the legislature in the Canadian House of Commons. Even though neither the Governor general nor monarchs are lawfully required to select his or her cabinet Members from the House. This indicates those in charge of executive duties also contribute as legislators in the policy discussions and lawmaking process features of their duties as Members of National Assembly. By contrast, the US president has no official duty as a legislator, but only implementing and enforcing laws passed by Congress. The President of the US contributes in only informal, occasional, gatherings with Senators and Representatives. Only formally, addresses once in a year in the two term of his Presidency the gathered houses of the Congress, the Cabinet, and the Justices of the High Court of the US (James, 2004). The checks and balances in Canada are very opposite from those in the US, it can be debated that within Canada that the Prime Minister has additional authority than the US President. Canadas executive and legislative branch draw from each other, the viceroy hardly uses their powers without the consent of the Prime Minister. This only occurs from situations brought on by constitutional crisis. To ensure the firmness of government, the Governor must always select for his Prime Minister a member who has the biggest group of followers in the Canadian Common House. The Prime Minister must resign or order the General to call for an emergency election or be forced out by the governor general if a big number of the house vote against the government on serious matters of the country. The Prime Minister of a marginalized government is in a much dangerous situation than any United States president, which his presidency term is secured by the law. Often times of cohabitation are also there in the US known as divided government. Happens when different group than the White house directs congress. The President has incomplete control over the members of the House and must regularly make deals for there support. This leads to a stalemate that greatly slows down the law-making process (Charlton, 1998). It is known that the lack of individual identity which characterizes the resulting efficacy of the combined policy activity of the individuals participating in, and influencing the progression of, the US separation-of-powers system in contrast to the personal identity that characterizes the resulting efficacy of the aggregate policy activity of individuals participating in, and influencing the progression of, the Canadian fusion-of-powers system that truly makes this distinction meaningful. An example (putting federalism aside, arguendo) would be the one political actor in Canada responsible for motivating national defense policy decisions for Canada, the Minister of National Defense, contrasted with three(the Secretary of Defense, and the two chairs of the Senate Committee on Armed Services and House Committee on Armed Services) sometimes adverse political actors responsible for the direction of national defense policy Centralization of power in Canada has some benefits and legal responsibility when matched with the United State system. A good line of authority/power showing to whom the government is accountable for any particular duty Unlike the U. S. (James, 2004). There is also the issue of political parties whereby the Canadian House of Commons has seats for four political parties while US has only two political parties in Congress. Both Canada and the US use first post system to elect their representatives. This type of a system can sometimes exaggerate regional interests and disparities, e. g. Dixiecrats and Quebec of the southern. The meltdown of progressive Conservation party and the rise Quebecois party changed the political field in Canada. At the past only two parties dominated federal politics like the US, these parties were the Progressive Conservatives and the liberals, the Liberal held power for most of the 20th century until they were known as Canada’s natural governing party. Different from the US, Canadian third parties have always been able to get Members of parliament elected into the National Assembly since 1921, at times succeeding one of the two main parties as Her Majestys Loyal Opposition or forming casual coalition governments (Paul, 1992), In my opinion there are great differences regarding the way political cultures in Canada and the US. This is clearly shown on how the different political institutions in both countries are being managed and the structure through which these institutions are developed. Therefore, it would be appropriate for one to say that the Canadian political culture is not and has never been Americanized even though there are some aspects of similarity in other government structures References Charlton, Barker (1998). Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues Edition 5. ITP Nelson, Michigan Collins, Richard. (1991). Culture, communication and national identity: The case of Canadian television. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. James Bickerton, Alain Gagnon (2004). Canadian politics. Broadview Press, New York John C. Pierce, Nicholas P,(2000). Political culture and public policy in Canada and the United States: only a border apart? Edwin Mellen Press, Michigan Paul Attallah (1992), Richard Collins and the Debate on Culture and Polity, Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol 17, No 2 Nelson Wiseman (2001) Pathways to Canadian Political Culture consensus, Retrieved on 14th March 2009 from www. ubcpress. ca/books/pdf/chapters/2007/insearchofcanadianpoliticalculture. pdf

Communicating With People On The Internet

Communicating With People On The Internet The arrival of the internet has heralded a lot of new opportunities, created new markets, and afforded us new ways of interacting with each other. Meeting new people is no longer limited to talking to the person youre sitting beside on the bus, or keeping in touch with someone you met at a bar. Now we can find friends from continents away. The internet is a busy place, full of people, many of whom share your own passions and interests. And not just friends, its also a place where its possible to meet someone special. Naturally the hyper-connected youths of today use the internet as if its an extension of themselves. For them meeting new people online seems like a given. But the internet holds just as much promise for the rest of us. It has grown in popularity as a way to find friends, to chat among like minded people, and for finding love, sex, quick flings, soulmates, partners, husbands and wives depending on whos looking. Nowadays there are more and more people who are single enough to use it. The number of people getting divorced is higher than ever. The US, UK, Canada, Russia, New Zeland and Australia all in the top ten for highest divorce rates (per 1,000 people). Society has changed, and with it our values. It is no longer seen as socially unacceptable to leave someone. Why stay in an unhappy marriage? There are many women and men who have faced that very question. Of course there are still those who see it as a sign of a sinful society, or feminism run rampant, or the natural progression of a morally bankrupt western culture, or any number of fantasies that explain a trend in statistics they dont understand. In the past divorces were rare, but were the couples happy? Thankfully society is breaking free of old fashioned attitudes. Where it would have been seen as debauched and morally sinful for a woman to leave her husband, or a man to leave his wife, now individuals have an out. The modern world is about individual choice and personal freedom. Because of this, more people are single, and open to the possibility of meeting someone new. People are also working harder. A busy career can leave little time to build a social life and result in a stagnant love life. Success can often bring more work, and more money, at the expense of someone to share it with. Many successful individuals are even reticent when it comes to looking for love. Relationships can be a lot of trouble, and some people are content without them. Being far removed from our primitive origins, we are no longer slaves to biological imperatives. On the other end of the scale, its thought that as many as a third of the singles on the internet arent quite as single as youd think. But assuming we are single, free, and would like to find someone special, where do we look in the 21st century? Bars and clubs are naturally as popular as ever. Many people still meet through work and friends. Many people bump into that special someone through a random encounter a dropped batch of paperwork, getting stuck in a lift it could be clichà ©, but it will still happen for some of us. With the advent of the internet, meeting people online has become yet another option. A natural one, in this connected world we live in. Personals and dating are big business, bringing in $503.4 million (US) in 2005 and showing consistent year after year growth. And in the UK, with its population of around 60 million, 7.8 million singles used some form of dating service in 2007 according to a press release by dating service PARSIHP. Meeting people on the internet doesnt have to be conducted through dating sites either. Many people who use the internet find people naturally as they wander the landscape of cyberspace. Nor is this a new phenomenon. The dawn of the internet saw the creation of crude bulletin boards and internet relay chat. People found each other using these services just as they do using Messenger clients and forums today. The technology has definitely advanced through, and this has brought people a large number of places to go on the internet. There are many different services that run on the internet, here are some of them: Internet relay chat One of the oldest services on the internet, internet relay chat (IRC) is a service that posts messages to the page instantaneously so that the users can have a conversation that flows naturally in real time. There are thousands upon thousands of chatrooms available through IRC servers, and most of them are free. They can be accessed by downloading an IRC client, though sometimes a bit of configuring is needed to make it work. IRC isnt the easiest thing in the world to pick up and learn, a throwback from its early origins. Messenger clients From Yahoo Messenger to MSN, and now more recently Skype (which can be used in much the same way as a messenger between calls), messenger clients allowed people to manage a list of contacts and then chat with those contacts just like in IRC. Unlike IRC, big improvements were made to the interfaces and ease-of-use that helped to explode the popularity of messengers until we find that most people use at least one. Messengers are also great for keeping in touch with business contacts, family, friends, among many other uses. One of the earliest messenger service called ICQ had a random chat button that would find you someone to chat to, or indeed allow them to find you. Social Networks Like them or loath them, social networks found their place as the heart of meeting people on the internet. At first they were places to link up with your friends and share information about you what you were doing, how you felt, where you were, or indeed where you werent (such as working). Social networks soon snowballed into a giant productivity eating monster. If you havent heard of social networks then hello, and greetings under-rock person. Some of the more well known include LiveJournal, MySpace, Facebook, and Bebo. LiveJournal mixes blogging and social networking, Facebook has become synonymous with social networks, MySpace synonymous with controversy and Bebo was huge in the UK then fell out of favour with users. The phenomena of keeping in touch with contracts led to new companies trying spinnoffs of the idea. One of these Twitter lets users post short messages of up to 140 characters. These tweets can then be read by followers. Like them or loath them, social networks app ear to be here to stay. Work Rather than have separate disjointed categories, lets lump everything thats done for the sake of work together. It can be emails, video conferencing, virtual conferencing, social networking, messaging. If your work requires you to liase with anyone at all over the internet then theres always the chance of meeting someone you hit it off with. It happens all the time. Friends Friends are always looking out for you. If youre single then you can guarantee that your friends are looking out for someone to hook you up with. On the internet this behaviour is no different. Dating services Dating services started off as simple catalogs of user-made profiles, that could be searched according to any criteria. Paying users could then contact the users they found interesting. Growing from these primitive early systems, they added features such as live chat, messenger services, social networking and so on in order to stay ahead of competing services. Their combination of the best ideas found on the internet to provide the optimal environment for users to meet each other, and maintained the value of the service so that people would continue to pay. Dating services have been one of the leading drivers of growth. Similarly theres also a lot of overlap between dating services and other internet services such as social networks. Online Universes Pushing internet interactions further into the futuristic vision of cyberspace, online worlds give us the Neuromancer vision of cyberspace. Gamers were among the first to explore online universes. The advent of massively multiplayer online games (or worlds/universes/spaces) collectively known as MMOs added a new dimension to the internet. The earliest were game worlds, where users had no set goals, other than lead a double (and supposedly exciting) life as a mage, wizard, ranger, space pilot or any number of alternative personas depending on the game. These evolved, and soon virtual universes began to appear which played down gaming aspects and played up its usage as an alternative universe. Second Life proved to be one of the most popular, and its name captures the spirit in which many of these new universes were formed. Others, such as Entropia Universe grew out of games, but diversified into a platform for delivering anything the partner company could imagine (by renting out world ). In these spaces, you can wander through virtual towns and meet peoples avatars as they in turn go about their business. Avatars are, to steal a description from the matrix films, the mental projection of your digital self. People customize their avatars and in doing so reveal a lot about themselves. Interestingly, people behave similarly to the way they do in real life, albeit with less inhibitions. Sociologists have a great time studying virtual worlds because of this, but that is a story for a different article. Virtual universes however are a little too gamelike for some of us. A more recent addition to the virtual universe landscape called IMVU cleverly combines messenger services with Virtual Universe services to create a hybrid that has found a more mainstream popularity than other virtual worlds. Users can keep in touch through a messenger like contact list, or use its social network-like website, and chat to users in virtual rooms. Unlike virtual worlds, there is no walki ng around. You can move your avatar around, but only to fixed locations called nodes. Standing nodes feature in all rooms, and adding furniture adds more nodes. A couch will come sitting nodes, and some furniture includes nodes for couples to sit snuggled together. Removing the ability to walk around, kept IMVU simple enough that the virtual universe features didnt overwhelm the chat features. Users can buy new rooms, furniture, clothes, pets. They can also buy streaming music to play in their rooms. People meet in virtual universes all the time. Sometimes they even get married in the online universe. Often they get married and then quickly split. Sometimes couples take their relationship further, and meet in real life. Does it work? Implications Dangers Anonymity Conclusion What are people looking for? When asked the question: For me, dating is mainly about.. ? in the top dating tips survey, the most popular answer was simply love, edging ahead of the rest with 21% of the votes. Surprisingly, next came Marriage and Sex with 19% each. 1. Love 21% 2. Marriage 19% 3. Friendship 8% 4. Partnership 6% 5. Sex 19% 6. Company 3% 7. Social life 3% 8. Romance 12% 9. Conversation 3% 10. Sharing 6% (Source: TopDatingTips.com)

The Theories of Albert Bandura Essay -- Behaviorism Behavioral Psychol

The Theories of Albert Bandura Albert Bandura was influenced by behaviorism while at the University of Iowa studying for his PhD in the early 1950s, he developed his own theories called reciprocal determinism, he believed that not only does the environment influence behavior, but behavior influences the environment, or to put it in his own words ’the world and a persons behavior cause each other‘. Bandura is often considered a ‘father’ of the cognitive movement, he looked at personality as three things that interact, the environment, behaviour and the person’s psychological processes. The psychological processes consisted of language and the ability to use our minds imagery. It was really at this stage in his life that he moved from being a behaviourist and became a cognitivist. Bandura carried out hundreds of studies but the ones that stand out more to me than any others, are the Bobo doll (a inflatable doll of Bobo the clown, with a weight in the bottom so it will stand back up when you hit it) studies. (Bandura Ross and Ross 1961) Bandura made a film of one of his female students being aggressive in actions and words towards a Bobo doll. This film was then shown to kindergarten children, who were then left to play with a Bobo doll, a lot of the children proceeded to imitate the aggressive behaviour towards the Bobo doll, they had witnessed the student carrying out. To counter criticisms that the children are just doing what comes naturally, as Bobo dolls were designed to be hit, he made another film of the woman beating up a real clown, when this was shown to children and then they were left in a room with a live... ...rcial and buy that particular product. Bandura’ s Social Learning Theory also has an important role in the study of aggression and criminal behaviour. To control aggression, he believed ‘family members and the mass media should provide positive role models for their children and the general public’ (Bandura, 1976). This statement is what influenced me to read about social learning theory, and Bandura in particular. Bibliography Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggressions through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582 Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press. Bandura, A., & Ribes-Inesta, Emilio. (1976). Analysis of Delinquency and Aggression. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, INC: New Jersey

Big Daddy and the American Dream in Tennessee Williams Cat on a Hot Ti

Big Daddy and the American Dream in Tennessee Williams' Cat on a Hot Tin Roof  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Tennessee William's Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a thought-provoking play that explores human relationships of all kinds. The character of Brick is forced to examine the relationship with his friend, Skipper, his wife, his family, and himself. Other characters, Gooper, Mae, and Big Mama, demonstrate stifling marriage relationships. Big Daddy, though, is one of the most interesting characters in that he illustrates the strange relationship one can have with one's possessions. Watt and Richardson, the editors, state that the play is about "acquisitiveness." That is, the acquiring of material possessions is central to the play, and this family. The Pollitts own a plantation home on the Mississippi Delta. Their house is a key figure in the work as much as any of the characters are in that it encapsulates the family's legacy of secrecy. To begin with, there is the central staging area of Brick and Maggie's bedroom. This room was once shared by the former owners, two men, a fact that seems to haunt Brick. Williams describes the decor of the room in some detail. He is most occupied with the "console combination of radio-phonograph, TV set and liquor cabinet." He seems incredulous at the size and symbolism in this possession. He writes, "This piece of furniture (?!), this monument, is a very completer and compact little shrine to virtually all the comforts and illusions behind which we hide from such things as the characters in the play are faced with . . ." (Williams 660). He is quite right. Not only does Brick hide behind the liquor in the cabinet, his true crutch, but the furniture does exemplify all the modern conveniences that many p... ...system that he speaks of is more than the lying and liars that immediately surround him; it is not just his family. The system that he lives in is materialism. He has bought into the American dream, in effect capitalism, and has at last found it lacking. Yet it is doubtful that this revelation will truly change Big Daddy in the way he lives his last days. For Williams' words concerning Brick ring true for Daddy as well. He writes, "I don't believe a conversation, however relevatory, ever effects so immediate a change in the heart or even conduct of a person" (706 act 3). Big Daddy is trapped in his American dream even as it has become his nightmare. Work Cited Williams, Tennessee. Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. In Stages of Drama: Classical to Contemporary Theater. Ed. Carl H. Klaus, Miriam Gilvert, and Bradford S. Field, Jr., 4th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin ¹s, 1999.

anthem :: essays research papers

In the end of "Anthem", Prometheus comes to the realization that his society's teachings and ideas were not helpful in advancement to the society. Ideas like individuality, that the society tried to squash out of its people, is beneficial to the society as a whole because men are meant to think for themselves. In the book Prometheus made the light bulb back when he was in the society, but once he showed it to the World Council, they but him in jail. After this incidence he realized that no matter what brilliant things he invents, it will never be something that particular society can use. At first he is confused, but realizing that he was acting like an individual made him see that maybe society is the evil one and he is the good one. All of this made him realize that maybe he is not meant for this, and he is thrown out into the uncharted territory. He learns that men are meant to think for themselves, and that if they do society will become more advanced and they wil l be able to move forward instead of staying at the same spot forever. This is how he realizes his "sins" were actually good and that men are supposed to think for themselves. In Prometheus's society, being an individual is considered a "sin", but as events occur Prometheus begins to comprehend that being an individual is the way men are supposed to think. In the beginning of the book, he has a name like everyone else, and like everyone else he is living in a world that thrives off fear. Everyone is afraid to think, act, or be different from the rest, because as society has taught them being different and an individual is a "sin". As he began to grow up, he noticed that he was somewhat different from the rest of the people. He disliked many things such as the way society made people mate because he thought this was despicable and grotesque. The more he began to grow up he was becoming more of an individual and this scared him, he even began to see himself as an evil person. When he started to play around with science and began inventing things like the light bulb, this scared him but then he reasoned that maybe even though he was a cting as an individual the council would let it go because it was such a remarkable invention. anthem :: essays research papers In the end of "Anthem", Prometheus comes to the realization that his society's teachings and ideas were not helpful in advancement to the society. Ideas like individuality, that the society tried to squash out of its people, is beneficial to the society as a whole because men are meant to think for themselves. In the book Prometheus made the light bulb back when he was in the society, but once he showed it to the World Council, they but him in jail. After this incidence he realized that no matter what brilliant things he invents, it will never be something that particular society can use. At first he is confused, but realizing that he was acting like an individual made him see that maybe society is the evil one and he is the good one. All of this made him realize that maybe he is not meant for this, and he is thrown out into the uncharted territory. He learns that men are meant to think for themselves, and that if they do society will become more advanced and they wil l be able to move forward instead of staying at the same spot forever. This is how he realizes his "sins" were actually good and that men are supposed to think for themselves. In Prometheus's society, being an individual is considered a "sin", but as events occur Prometheus begins to comprehend that being an individual is the way men are supposed to think. In the beginning of the book, he has a name like everyone else, and like everyone else he is living in a world that thrives off fear. Everyone is afraid to think, act, or be different from the rest, because as society has taught them being different and an individual is a "sin". As he began to grow up, he noticed that he was somewhat different from the rest of the people. He disliked many things such as the way society made people mate because he thought this was despicable and grotesque. The more he began to grow up he was becoming more of an individual and this scared him, he even began to see himself as an evil person. When he started to play around with science and began inventing things like the light bulb, this scared him but then he reasoned that maybe even though he was a cting as an individual the council would let it go because it was such a remarkable invention.

History 7a Mid- Term Essay

The Era of Exploration witnessed the rapid political, economic, and social intrusion of Europe into the New World. Between the 15th and 17th Centuries several countries influenced the developement of the Americas. Select the most successful and infleuntial colony and compare it with another European Colonial structure. Be sure to include historical themes in your written argument. 3. The key to the colonial, structure of the United States in firmly established in 17th Century England. In reality, the foudation of the United States is a reflection of this country. Trace the economic/political/cultural influences of Britain on our colonial structure. In your a nswer include important individuals, governmental structures,events, social policies and historical themes. 4. Analzye and contrast the historical development of the Southern Colonies 1603- 1783. In your answer, include historical themes, reasons for colonial impementation, regional development, economic structure, religious importance or lack of it, the instittution of Slavery and the ramifications of these colnies on the development of the United States. 5. New England is the mother culture of Modern United States. Analyze thsis statement by describing the Colonial Foudation of, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire 1620-1783. How have their histories infleunced the development of contemporary United States? How have these areas impacted our society’s