Imagery in Jane Eyre

Imagery in Jane Eyre Much of the imagery of Jane Eyre is obvious-the chestnut tree, the grim landscapes, the red room that is like Hell. But two images are so pervasive that they serve as a substructure for the entire novel: fire and water-and their extremes, the flames of lust and the ice of indifference. The fire is in Janes spirit and in Rochesters eyes. Jane desires life, fire, feeling (p. 105); Rochester has strange fire in his look (p. 145). If these two are fire, St. John Rivers (note the last name) contains the icy waters that would put out fire, destroy passion. His nature is frozen over with an ice of reserve (p. 334); when he tells Jane, I am cold: no fervour infects me, her reply is, Whereas I am hot, and fire dissolves ice (p. 364). From the start of the novel, Charlotte Brontas fire and water imagery indicates the essential idea. The fiery passion of Jane, and, later, Rochester, must be quenched by the cold waters of self-control-but not destroyed by the ice of repression. If their bodies b urn, their minds must dampen the fires. Jane warns herself that secret love might kindle within her life an ignis fatuus (p. 153). Yet it is Rochester who is all-fire: when, disguised as a gypsy, he has his interview with Jane, she feels his powerful attraction and says, Dont keep me long; the fire scorches me. Rochester, for his part, realizes Janes double quality; she has the fire of bodily love, The flame flickers in the eye, but also the cool control of the soul, the eye shines like dew (p. 190). Earlier, Rochester insists that Jane is cold because she is alone: no contact strikes the fire from you that is within you (p. 187). When Bertha, Rochesters old passionate flame, sets his bed on fire, Jane saves him by dousing the bed with water. Miss BrontEs imagery is precise and explains the relationship between the central characters. Bertha represents the flames of hellfire that have already scorched Rochester. Jane, fiery though she is, has sufficient control to water down these f ires. Jane brought my own water jug, baptized the couch afresh, and, by Gods aid, succeeded in extinguishing the flames which were devouring it (p. 142). She will save them both from hellfire by refusing the passionate advances of Rochester. After she learns of his previous marriage, she finally gains release from her burning agony and imagines herself laid down in the dried-up bed of a great river, and I heard a flood loosened in remote mountains, and felt the torrent come .. . . (p. 281). Religiontrue religion, not the frigid religion that will characterize Rivers-is described in terms of water: the waters came into my soul . . . I came into deep waters; the floods overflowed me (p. 282). And this water in Janes spirit enables her to withstand what Rochester calls the pure, powerful flame (p. 299) that fuses them. Despite the hand of fiery iron [that] grasped my vitals (p. 299), despite her veins running fire, despite Rochesters flaming glance which is likened to the glow of a fur nace (p. 301), Jane flees to the wet turf and sheds stormy, scalding, heart-wrung tears (p. 305). This content downloaded on Tue, 5 Mar 2013 10:00:58 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROUND TABLE 217 Although Jane is soaked with rain in her wanderings, her emotional fires still burn, ready to be re-awakened when the dangers of Rochesters appeals have passed. Rochester alone must be purged by the fires he long ago lit between himself and Bertha. This time there is no Jane to keep him from the searing, mutilating flames that destroy Bertha and Thornfield, and, ironically, put out the fiery gleam in his eyes. But Jane, meanwhile, is guarding her own flame from the freezing heartlessness of St. John Rivers. His ice kisses cannot reach her. She cannot forever keep the fires of my nature continually low, to compel it to burn inwardly and never utter a cry, though the imprisoned flame consumed vital after vital (p. 417). She escapes from Rivers chilling grasp and returns to the scorched ruin of Rochester where she can kindle the lustre of his lamp which has been quenched (p. 417). Soon she re-awakens the glow of their love, and their two natures join in a steady flame that burns neither as wildly as the lightning that destroyed the chestnut, nor as dimly as the setting sun of St. John Rivers religious dream. The fire-water image underscores the basic idea of Jane Eyre: just as love must find a middle way between the flames of passion and the waters of pure reason, so Jane must find a golden mean between egocentric rage and Christlike submission, between Aunt Reed and Helen Burns, between the wild, Byronic Rochester and the tempered, controlled Rivers. Jane Eyre achieves this successful median in her own character and in her future life with the chastened Rochester. Image and idea join in a novel that not only shows the wildly passionate appeal of romantic art but also operates under the concept of formal control. This novel revolves round Bakha who is a sweeper boy. The author has chosen a conspicuous day from his life and through the presentation of the situation occurring on that particular day, he has drawn our attention towards the plight of low caste people. First situation is the pollution through touch of a caste Hindu. It creates a catastrophe. As Bakha walks along the road eating Jalebi and recalling the arrangement he has made for learning English, his gaze is drawn to a woman sitting in a window. He is so deeply lost in his thoughts that he has accidently touched someone passing by. Suddenly he hears, keep to the side of the road, o he low-caste verminà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ why dont you call, you swine and announce your approach: Do you know you have touched me and defiled me, you cock- eyed son of a bow- legged scorpion: now I will have to go and take a bath to purify myself. Bakha is apparently seized with fear, humility and servility. Of course he was aware of his status in life but it was a sudden shock. At this moment Bakha realizes for the first time that the society which condemns and humiliates him forms a moral barrier which he alone is unable to break down. This awareness of his own status is like a ray of light shooting through darkness. (P:59) in this regard, Alastair Niven in his book The yoke of Pity: A study in the fictional writing of Mulk Raj Anand comments that this revelation is, as instantaneous as light and as profound as darkness. He is doomed to be an untouchable in the eyes of humanity forever, and his dreams of attaining some sort of individual dignity are pretentions and naÃÆ' ¯ve.The second major situation in the novel is when Bakhas sister Sohini is molested by the priest. The irony in this situation, Anand makes us realizes, is that hue and cry is raised against the molested and not the molester. Thus we see that the holy men who appear in Anands fiction are corrupt to the core and in their eyes; the lowest of low are quite touchable for the purpose of satisfying their lust.For example, the ascetic in Coolie- he appears as Pandit Surajbhan in The Road seduces a childless woman under the pretext of turning her fertile. Here in Untouchable also, though the holy priest makes unsuccessful attempts to seduce Bakhas sister, the author has exposed the contradiction in the thinking of the so called high- caste people, while a mere touch of the clothes of an untouchable is thought to pollute a higher caste, sexual union is non- objectionable. Sohini raises an alarm to save herself from being molested by the priest Kali Nath but the priest is very clever and extricates himself from the difficult situation by shouting, Polluted, Polluted. The writer here draws our attention towards the unjust and condemnable behaviour of the so called high caste people who can easily go scotfree by turning the blame on to the suffering, sexually exploited girl. There seems to be a possibility of protest and revenge. But Anand underlines the fact that revolt in such cases is impotent and ineffective. Bakha knows the truth of the whole thing that he finds himself incapable of taking revenge. He returns home crestfallen and shout against the indignities, brutalities heaped by high caste people upon them.The heros immediate impulse is to avenge the insult but he fails to act. It is here typical treatment of the underdog as given by Anand is projected. The burden of the past, the attitude of the ruling class, and their longing for pity and sympathy crush the will to act. The oppressed underdog in the hero continues and devours him like a monster. He is a total picture of a dog crouching at the door of a banquet hall. When Gandhi calls upon the untouchables to purify their lives, cultivate the habits of cleanliness, and rid themselves of the evil habits like drinking liquor and eating carrion Bakha feels confused and cannot agree with him. But soon he feels lifted up when Gandhi calls upon them not to accept from caste Hindus leavings from their plates, and receive from them only good grain if it is courteously offered. The Mahatma implies that the untouchables should not compromise their self-respect; he also points to the caste people to be more charitable and kind to the untouchable. At the close of his speech he censures the caste Hindus for their ignorance of their religion and urges them to declare open all public wells, temples, roads, schools, sanatoriums to the untouchables, and carry on propaganda against untouchability. To drive home his point to the gathering, apparently to show how serious a matter is untouchability, he lectures on this social evil and the urgent need to root it out.

Human Trafficking in Houston Essay

Texans and Americans alike need to be aware of ongoing human slavery that tarnished the I-10 freeway and they need to know how they can stop the plague of Human Trafficking on Houston Texas. This past January, President Barack Obama recognized Human Trafficking Awareness month. In a published statement the President said he wanted to, â€Å"recognize the people, organizations and government entities that are working to combat human trafficking,† and â€Å"recommit to bringing an end to this inexcusable human rights abuse.† According to the U.S. Department of Justice human trafficking is one of the fastest growing criminal industries, with 14,500-17,500 individuals trafficked in the United States each year and 800,000 globally. With a number of contributing factors, including a diverse immigrant population and major roads for domestic and international travel, Houston is a hotspot for human trafficking in the U.S. According to Religion Link, â€Å"Nongovernmental organi zations and nonprofits are now enlisting the aid of religious groups in the fight against human trafficking.† In Houston, organizations like the YMCA, the Houston Rescue and Restore Coalition, Free the Captives and Redeemed Ministries are all part of an entrenched alliance of non-profits, both secular and religious, fighting human trafficking in Houston. Constance Rossiter of the YMCA said, â€Å"These partnerships with religious organizations and other non-profits are essential to combatting human trafficking.† â€Å"There are many levels, it’s like a puzzle,† she said, â€Å"fighting human trafficking takes a community of partners including non-profits, churches, synagogues and law enforcement.† Each entity has its role to play, whether it be prevention, lobbying for legislation, advocation, awareness or enforcement, said Rossiter. Free the Captives, a Houston based Christian non-profit, does it all. Having long been involved in education and counseling for at-risk teenagers and potential pimps, Free the Captives is also active in trying to go after suppliers an d buyers in the human trafficking market. Working with attorneys, Free the Captives seeks to shut down trafficking locations by using nuisance abatement laws and other tactics. Taking the fight one step further, the organization recently began lobbying the Houston mayor’s office and local and federal law enforcement to focus on the demand side of the trafficking trade. Calling it the â€Å"Reduce the Demand Campaign,† the non-profit believes it is the primary solution in ending human trafficking. â€Å"To make an impact on domestic sex trafficking you have to go after the buyers,† said a representative from Free the Captives, whose identity is protected due to recent threats made by traffickers. â€Å"It does not matter how many pimps and landlords there are if the buyers are still willing to pay and there is money to be made,† said the anonymous source, â€Å"other pimps and landlords will pop up. You can’t stem the tide without going after the source.† For their part, the Mayor’s Office and the Houston Police Department believe that human trafficking is a major problem and are sincere in enforcing existing laws. In a letter from 2010, Mayor Annise Parker acknowledged the growing problem and said, â€Å"Houston is a hub for Human Trafficking where approximately twenty percent of all human trafficking victims will pass through our city at some point of their enslavement.† The Mayor’s Office recently reiterated the importance of fighting human trafficking and in a response to Free the Captives said, â€Å"Controlling sex trafficking remains of great concern. The governmental focus on landlords and illegal business has brought results. In the last year and a half the Houston Police Department has recovered 73 juveniles, arrested 21 pimps and two â€Å"Johns,† or buyers,† said Lieutenant Andy Lahaye. To do more the police are training their patrol offices to identify trafficking situations and be able to respond or pass on a tip for the vice department to investigate. However, Lahaye commented that it is difficult to go after the buyers and said, â€Å"It’s an underground world, we can’t just put an undercover officer out there as a decoy to catch a ‘John.’† â€Å"It’s all very subsurface, so we are going after what is out there for us to see, even though we want to cut it off at the source. That’s the struggle we are battling.† Free the Captives continues to demand the focus be shifted to the buyers. Although, many of the domestic victims in the world are not being pimped out in spaces that need landlords. While the mayor and law enforcement focuses on landlords they are almost entirely missing vulnerable American teens in private locales. They remain in bondage. Prevention is a key component to the fight against human trafficking and more organizations, not just faith based organizations like Free the Captives, need to focus their energies on prevention and curbing the supply of victims being exploited. In addition to existing enforcement the lobbying efforts of everyday citizens are paying dividends. While there are some great efforts to end human trafficking in Houston, organizations cannot function without active members. There is always something to help with.

The Effect of Virtual Reality Immersion on Evoked Anxiety - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3053 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Psychology Essay Topics: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Abstract In the past couple of decades, the use of Virtual Reality (VR) has become increasingly prevalent. Virtual reality is mainly used today to treat anxiety disorders through exposure therapy, but it is also increasing in frequency regarding research. The goal of the present study is to determine the effect of VR immersion on evoked anxiety. The study consists of 20 undergraduate volunteers between 18 and 30 years of age. The results showed a marginal interaction of group and time point, in particular, the experimental group showed an increase in STAI scores post treatment. Introduction Virtually reality (VR), a new yet highly used technology, has taken the world by storm. VR immersion aims to give the user a sense of presence by controlling what they see and hear by blocking out any other sight and sound. (Rizzo, Buckwalter, Neumann, 1997; Price Anderson, 2007) It is slowly being used throughout households and ages. It has gotten widespread to the point where it is being used in medical settings. (Moline, 1997; Li, Yu, Shi, Shi, Tian, Yang, Wang, 2017; Riva, 2003; Claudio Maddalena, 2014) Perception of it in medical settings is overall positive. (Keller, Park, Cunningham, Foulandian, Chen, Spiegel, 2017) It is transforming patient care. It has even made its way into treatment of mental disorders, particularly anxiety-based disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorders, seasonal affective disorders, general phobias, and schizophrenia. (Powers Emmelkamp, 2007; Rothbaum, Hodge, Ready, Graap, Alarcon, 2001; Ku, Han, Lee, Jang, K im, Park, Kim, Kim, Kim, Kim, 2007) VR is most commonly used for exposure therapy. (Powers Emmelkamp, 2008; Parsons Rizzo, 2008; Opris, Pintea, Garc? ­a-Palacios, Botella, Szamoskozi, David, 2011) It is also being used for assessing mental health disorders. (Freeman, Reeve, Robinson, Ehlers, Clark, Spanlang Slader, 2017; Freeman, Antley, Elhers, Dunn, Thompson, Vorontsova, Garety, Kuipers, Glucksman, Slater, 2014) With the use of virtual reality becoming prevalent, we must look at the effects it can have on physiological methods as well. Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) has been proven to have benefits in mental health settings particularly in relation to anxiety disorders and specific phobias. (Parsons Rizzo, 2008; Opris, Pintea, Garc? ­a-Palacios, Botella, Szamoskozi, David, 2011) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Effect of Virtual Reality Immersion on Evoked Anxiety" essay for you Create order Gorini et al., (2010) proposed to improve treatments using modern technologies, in particular, biofeedback enhanced VR. Methods Participants Participants consisted of a convenient sample of 20 volunteers between the ages of 18 and 30. 14% of the participants were male. One outlier was removed due to age. All participants were recruited from psychology classes at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. There was offered extra credit for participation as compensation for their time. Participants were randomly assigned to either an immersive virtual-reality based experimental group, or a non-immersive group in which stimuli was presented on a laptop. They were informed about how the procedure would progress and what would happen. Participants signed a consent form with a summary of what was expected. They were informed that their participation was confidential, and their consent forms are stored in a secure location. This research was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth prior to data collection. Measures State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) STAI was used to measure state anxiety before the start of the procedure, and at the end after all stimuli had been presented. (Spielberger et al., 1983) While there are multiple variations, the most common version is the Y one. The STAI consists of two scales. The first scale is the Y-1 which measures how the person feels at the moment. The final scale is Y-2 which measures how a person feels currently. Each part has 20 statements about how a person feels. The person has to score from 1 (Not at all) to 4 (Very much so.) A few questions are reverse-coded to determine consistency. The scores were calculated. The higher the score, the more anxious the person was feeling. For our study, only the Y-1, or state, scale was used. (Appendix A) Fitbit Charge 2 A Fitbit Charge 2 was used to measure initial heart rate before the intervention was used and final heart rate. Heart rate was used as the physiological indicator of anxiety. Oculus Rift An Oculus Rift was for the immersion intervention. A computer screen will be used for non-immersion intervention. Three videos were used as stimuli for both conditions. The videos allowed for the participant to look around. Video 1 was a shark attack scenario with audio and video to set the scene. The participants point of view is from deep under water within an enclosed space, as a shark attempts to break through. The glass starts to shatter as they shark attempts to enter. This video used the common fears of claustrophobia and nyctophobia and lasts 2 minutes. Video 2 represented a story from the first-person point of view of a child in bed during a lightening storm. As the child, player, reads a book, the character in the story comes alive. It crawls around the room with its glowing eyes and the person has to track it to move the story along. The creature will do something mundane and then look at the player and charge at them. This video combines the common fears of n yctophobia, and xenophobia. It is also filled with jump scares and lasts 5 minutes. This video had potentially anxiety-inducing sounds and images related to horror. Video 3 was from the perspective of someone on the top of an unstable building while there is a robot alien attack. The wall in the skyscraper the player is in is ripped away. The player is then grabbed by a giant massive robot and pulled out. The player is then set on a latter that is dangling over a city as the robot falls to the ground. If the player looks around as the robot falls, they will see a battle between planes and a spaceship ensuing. As the battle is occurring, the player will get the sensation that they are being beamed up. Suddenly, the ship is destroyed and the player than falls rapidly through the city creating the sense of falling. This video used the common fear of acrophobia and only lasted 3 minutes. This is the only stimulus that the participants were asked to stand for. Design It was a randomized, experimental design. Numbers were randomized using a random number generator to determine order (ex. 16, 2, 12, 9, etc.) The numbers were then divided into two groups for the intervention (ex. Number 10 goes into experimental group.) The experiment was conducted in a single session per participant of approximately 20 minutes in two rooms of the Liberal Arts building at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Statistical Analysis A MANOVA was run to check for interactions between group and time point. An ANOVA was run for each dependent variable to check for interactions between group and time point. Proposed Results- We expected an interaction between time point and group. We expected the VR group would see an increase in both STAI scores and HR with no effect seen in the control group. We set our alpha level at 0.05 for significance. Procedures The participants were greeted by a researcher and led to the area where the study was conducted. They were asked to sit down and had the procedure explained to them; what was going to happen, what was being measured, that they had the ability to end the experiment at any time, and what group they would be in. They were told that their participation is confidential and were safely secured in a different location separate from their surveys. Then the FitBit Charge 2 was connected the left wrist and heart rate will be measured. The participants then they filled out the STAI Y-1 questionnaire to assess their baseline state anxiety. The participants were then placed in their group. If they were in the experimental group, the Oculus Rift was placed on their head. If they were in the control, they were moved to sit in front of a computer scene with speakers raised to a comfortable volume while one of the researchers wore the Oculus Rift. After being established, the researchers started the sequence of videos. Following the final video, the headset was removed, or they were moved away from the computer scene. They were then asked to take a second STAI Y-1 form to assess state anxiety following the intervention. After completion of the STAI Y-1 questionnaire, a final heart rate was measured, and the FitBit Charge 2 was removed. The participants were thanked for their participation and escorted out of the room. Results Average heart rate and STAI scores were entered into a repeated-measures multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) with group and time point as fixed factors. Of interest was a significant group x time point interaction. The analysis was conducted using SPSS (Version 25). The multivariate results indicated only a marginal group x time point interaction [Wilks ? » = 0.724, F(2,17) = 3.236, p = 0.064, ? ·2p = 0.538]. However, follow-up univariate tests, performed for the dependent variables separately, showed a significant group x time point interaction for the STAI [F(1,18) = 6.73, p = 0.018, ? ·2p = 0.689], but not for heart rate [F(1,18) = 0.970, p = 0.338, ? ·2p = 0.154]. Specifically, STAI scores (Fig. 1) significantly increased after the VR intervention. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate these results. Discussion VR immersion is being used more frequently within medical settings. The main goal of the study was to determine if VR immersion has an effect on physiological and behavioral factors. Our primary focus was to examine the short-term effects that VR immersion has on heart rate and perceived, state, anxiety. We randomly assigned 20 participants to either the VR immersion group or the control group, same videos but on a computer screen. We expected to find no change in heart rate and perceived anxiety levels in the control group. We expected to find an increase in both heart rate and perceived levels of anxiety in the VR group from baseline to post-intervention. Results showed that there on average was a decrease in heart rate in both the control and VR groups post intervention, however, the VR group showed a greater decrease in heart rate. (Fig. 2) The difference came from when we compared the STAI results of both groups. The average STAI scores in the VR immersion group increased while the average STAI scores decreased in the control group. (Fig. 1) These results support previous research that VR immersion influences perceived anxiety. (These results only partially supported our primary hypothesis. VR immersion did affect perceived anxiety levels. However, it didnt affect heart rate in the way we hypothesized. There are a few possible reasons for the results the study produced. The VR group felt an increase in perceived anxiety because the VR immersion gives them a sense of presence. The feeling that they were actually there. They felt the ghost charge at them or the sensation they were falling. Those videos made them feel more anxious post intervention. Each video consisted of one to three of the most ten common fears in the United States. These videos successfully induced anxiety, regarding the STAI, in the VR group. Which leads us to talk about how the HR in the VR group decreased. There are a few possible reasons why HR would decrease in the VR group. First, while perception influences our physiological response to stress, the amygdala filters out that the threat is not imminent causing the prefrontal cortex to further evaluate that threat. All of this is happening subconsciously regardless of the perception of the person. These subconscious processes are represented in the physiologic al measure of heart rate steeply decreasing. (Fig. 2) Another potential reason for the decline in HR in the VR is the order of videos. Most participants reported finding the second video more frightening than last. The time between the second videos ending and the final heart rate was approximately 5 minutes. There is also the possibility that the VR group just had a naturally high heart rate that decreased as they relaxed, physiologically, and felt more comfortable with the experience in spite of the increase in STAI scores. We can compare this to the STAI and HR changes in the control group. Both the average STAI scores and HR saw decreases post-intervention. The decrease is the STAI can explained by the fact that they had to listen to one of the researchers wearing the helmet and possibly letting out unintentional noises due to the stimuli. It would allow the control to relax more which would explain the decrease. The decrease is the average heart rate was not a steep as the one in the VR group. This can be explained easily. The fact that the control group did not have to filter out the threat can account for the smaller drop in HR when compared to the VR group. The interpretation was supported what we were told by participants following the experiment. Participants in the VR group indicated that they felt anxious following the intervention.. The control group had a different opinion regarding the videos from their perspective. They assumed that if they were in the VR group they would have felt more anxious as the videos looked anxiety inducing from the control groups perspective. Another fact that must be noted is that even though there was an increase in perceived anxiety in the VR group nearly all participants said they would like to do it again. They enjoyed it even if it made them anxious. Most participants were excited about to participate in this study due to the VR aspect. Few had previous VR experience. Additionally, there are other possible explanations for the contradictory results regarding HR compared to STAI between groups and time points. While heart rate is a good physiological indicator, it is not always effective, a more effective physiological measure is that of heart rate variability (HRV). A technique that measures the time between heart beats along with heart rate. Most studies related to the physiological measures of anxiety use HRV in lieu of heart rate for this specific reason. This issue is only exacerbated by the fact that the tool used was only a crude measure. A Fitbit Charge 2 is good at looking for heart rate at any given time. Its not effective in measuring heart rate continuously which would allow researchers to observe how heart fluctuates over time. Another issue was the timing of which we measured the initial heart rate. We measured the initial heart rate immediately after attaching the FitBit. We noted that initially the heart rate was much higher when yo u measured immediately after attached the FitBit then when you attached it and waited a minute. For consistencys sake, we measured immediately after attachment. Other limitation is the fact that our group consisted of only 20 participants with the majority being female. Which limits the study in two ways, one is females tend to have a faster heart rate naturally than males. The other is we could not determine if the effect of VR immersion influenced heart rate and perceived anxiety the same way it would in a male. Which brings me to the age, the mean age of the participants was 20.7 years old which is another factor that cannot be extrapolated for the general population. This age group tends to have more experience with VR and technology in general than other populations. Our study was limited to University of Massachusetts Dartmouth students. While the study was conducted in a similar setting it was conducted at different times during the day, with most of the participants coming after classes. Approximately fourteen students came immediately after receiving a test back where the average score for the class was 68. The environment can influence how anxious one feels initially, especially a campus at night, where and when the final study took place, when most students and faculty have gone home. One final limitation that should be mentioned is the time in which this study was to be completed. The time from recruitment to study spanned at day at most and an hour at least. Further research is needed to assess if these limitations influenced the results the study produced. We recommend a few possible directions for further research. The sample needs to be increased to include more males to replicate the general population. The sample should be in general to see if the interaction that this study had is repeatable. It should be done with tools that allow for a precise measure of heart rate. (ex. EKG) There should be a down period in between videos. This study only allowed for a minute before taking the final heart rate. We also suggest taking HR after each video. This study did that initially but for simplicity sake, the HR measurements were removed from the analysis. The environment should be controlled to filter out possible environmental influences. It should be done at a consistent time during the day not spanning the day as this study did. The study should allot more time to collect data and recruitment. It should be done on a more relaxed schedule when participants are not potentially in a rush to get somewhere else and to allow for the videos to complete without the added anxiety of being late to a class. There should be a variety of VR immersion technology. This study used the Oculus rift for VR immersion. There are multiple forms of VR immersion. We do not know if these results would be repeated with different VR systems. There should other stimuli. This study used mainly scary videos, building on a few common fears (eg. heights, jump scares, etc.) comparing those to videos of what most find relaxing (eg. sitting on the beach, relaxing in the woods, etc.) Another suggestion is to alter the sequence of the videos from least frightening to most frightening shortening the time from the most frightening to the final HR measurement. A final suggestion is to establish trait anxiety and see it influences STAI and HR or affects an increase/decrease in state anxiety scores. Trait anxiety would allow for researchers to expand the results seeing if those with trait anxiety felt more anxious. Conclusion VR immersion is a new and increasingly popular tool. Its allowing people to see places they will never see in real life and overcome fears with exposure therapy. VR is doing a lot of good for society. Studies like this one are needed to help improve treatments because when we know what can influence perceived anxiety, we learn better ways to treat anxiety in general.

Case Study Colony Commercial For Delaware - 1225 Words

Names: _Cheyenne White Colony Commercial for Delaware_ You and your group will create a commercial (TV style) promoting your colony over the other 12. Your goal is to entice people from Europe or from other colonies to want to live and work in your colony. Step 1: Learn about your colony: 1. When was it established as a British colony? The Dutch founded the first European settlement in Delaware in 1631. A permanent settlement was not established until 1638 by the Swedes. 2. Who established it? Peter Minuit and New Sweden Company founded the permanent settlement in 1638. 3. Why was it established? The Delaware colony was established for trade and agriculture. 4. If it was taken from another non British group, from whom and how was it taken? Delaware was established by Sweden but taken by the English in 1664. 5. What type of government was established? Who could vote? Delaware was a propriety colony under William Penn and heirs. White men that owned property were the only ones allowed to vote. The proprietors could appoint all officials, create courts, hear appeals, and pardon offenders. They could also make laws and issue decrees, raise and command militia and establish churches, ports, and towns. 6. On what was their economy primarily based? (How did people make their money and how did they use their resources?) Delaware’s economy was based on trading and agriculture. It also had lumber, ship building, and iron work industries as well as a huge tobacco and fishingShow MoreRelated Biography of Thomas Jefferson Essay1844 Words   |  8 PagesRandolphs four children get educated. The Jefferson?s remained at Randolphs estate for seven years. The estate was called Shadwell. Thomas Jefferson was quite the little intelligent boy. At age nine, Thomas Jefferson Started Latin, Greek, and French Studies at a boarding school. Thomas liked to Horse back ride, Canoe, Hunt, and fish. When Thomas was fourteen years old, his father passed away. Thomas Jefferson was the oldest son, so Thomas had to take care of the family. Jefferson was a tall, slenderRead MoreRethinking Mercantalism Essay15042 Words   |  61 PagesEuropean colonial system. Just as the mercantile system was supported by the avaricious and absurd views of shopkeepers and merchants, so the Europeans sought colonies in the first instance because of â€Å"the same passion which has suggested to so many people the absurd idea of the philosopher’s stone.† The Council of Castile sought colonies in the New World exclusively in â€Å"the hope of finding treasures of gold there.† â€Å"The first adventurers of all the other nations of Europe, who attempted to make Read MoreCons and Pros of Internet16245 Words   |  65 Pagesthoughts on the role of mandatory uniform accounting standards IFRS boosters typically take the case for mandatory (i.e., required by state enactment) uniform (i.e., required of all public companies) accounting standards as self evident. In this regard, they are not alone: in my experience, most accounting textbooks, most accounting teachers and much of the accounting literature are in the same boat. But the case for imposing accounting uniformity by fiat is far from clear. Some background analysis of

The importance of History, Geography, Civics and...

The importance of History, Geography, Civics and Citizenship in the Australian Curriculum F–10 cannot be underestimated. They encourage, foster and shape key skills and practices in students; by examining their link to Australian identity it is possible to observe their importance. Currently, the three subjects of History, Geography, and Civics and Citizenship are grouped under Human Society and its Environment (HSIE), and to varying degrees seek to link knowledge and understanding, values and attitudes, and practical skills. However, although they work cohesively as a group, each discipline has a unique nature and scope, which can be utilised and provide insight. Each discipline has an inimitable nature at their core. History assists†¦show more content†¦Of importance, each of these disciplines have a role in shaping and defining a student’s understanding of national identity, and of primary significance, the Australian identity is shaped by individual and collective perceptions, and national identity is a concept which affects not only the individual but on a global scale. As a subject, History draws upon context, extrapolating the constructed decades of storytelling, myth-making, media, and perceived shared experience (Elder, 2007). Australia’s history provides a tradition for identity, such as the connection arising from myth-making and heroes in literature, seen in works such by A. B. Paterson, and artists like Sidney Nolan. Therefore, in the curriculum history provides an opportunity to learn about a ‘shared’ national experience, and prompts an appreciation of the change of societal mores not only from the past but in current Australia. History on its own gives the opportunity to view Australian identity as a fluid concept, and one undergoing many changes. Finally, History allows students to gain a better understanding of the current trends of increased links with Asia and pacific, globalism, reconciliation and multiculturalism. The Australian IdentityShow MoreRelatedEssay on Australian Educational Curriculum2258 Words   |  10 PagesIntro In exploring the Australian Curriculum, it becomes apparent that this curriculum was developed to encompass a wide range of skills and abilities that will be needed to enable young Australians to become productive and successful members of society of the future. The influence of a range of different curriculum models and education theories has bought together a comprehensive overview of what the Australian education system will deliver and how this can be accomplished. Structure and ScopeRead MoreThe Growth Of Literacy Skills2155 Words   |  9 Pagespurposes in a range of contexts. 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Theory of Mercantilism Free Essays

string(237) " lies in the increasing professionalisation and technification of the wars of the era, which turned the maintenance of adequate reserve funds \(in the prospect of war\) into a more and more expensive and eventually competitive business\." Theory of Mercantilism Most of the European economists who wrote between 1500 and 1750 are today generally considered mercantilists; this term was initially used solely by critics, such as Mirabeau and Smith, but was quickly adopted by historians. Originally the standard English term was â€Å"mercantile system†. The word â€Å"mercantilism† was introduced into English from German in the early 19th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Mercantilism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The bulk of what is commonly called â€Å"mercantilist literature† appeared in the 1620s in Great Britain. 6] Smith saw English merchant Thomas Mun (1571–1641) as a major creator of the mercantile system, especially in his posthumously published Treasure by Foreign Trade (1664), which Smith considered the archetype or manifesto of the movement. [7] Perhaps the last major mercantilist work was James Steuart’s Principles of Political Economy published in 1767. [8] â€Å"Mercantilist literature† also extended beyond England. For example, Italy, France, and Spain produced noted writers of mercantilist themes including Italy’s Giovanni Botero (1544–1617) and Antonio Serra (1580-? ; France’s, Jean Bodin, Colbert and other physiocrats. Themes also existed in writers from the German historical school from List, as well as followers of the â€Å"American system† and British â€Å"free-trade imperialism,† thus stretching the syste m into the 19th century. However, many British writers, including Mun and Misselden, were merchants, while many of the writers from other countries were public officials. Beyond mercantilism as a way of understanding the wealth and power of nations, Mun and Misselden are noted for their viewpoints on a wide range of economic matters. [9] Merchants in Venice The Austrian lawyer and scholar Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick, in his Austria Over All, If She Only Will of 1684, detailed a nine-point program of what he deemed effective national economy, which sums up the tenets of mercantilism comprehensively:[10] That every inch of a country’s soil be utilized for agriculture, mining or manufacturing. That all raw materials found in a country be used in domestic manufacture, since finished goods have a higher value than raw materials. That a large, working population be encouraged. That all export of gold and silver be prohibited and all domestic money be kept in circulation. That all imports of foreign goods be discouraged as much as possible. That where certain imports are indispensable they be obtained at first hand, in exchange for other domestic goods instead of gold and silver. That as much as possible, imports be confined to raw materials that can be finished [in the home country]. That opportunities be constantly sought for selling a country’s surplus manufactures to foreigners, so far as necessary, for gold and silver. That no importation be allowed if such goods are sufficiently and suitably supplied at home. Other than Von Hornick, there were no mercantilist writers presenting an overarching scheme for the ideal economy, as Adam Smith would later do for classical economics. Rather, each mercantilist writer tended to focus on a single area of the economy. [11] Only later did non-mercantilist scholars integrate these â€Å"diverse† ideas into what they called mercantilism. Some scholars thus reject the idea of mercantilism completely, arguing that it gives â€Å"a false unity to disparate events†. Smith saw the mercantile system as an enormous conspiracy by manufacturers and merchants against consumers, a view that has led some authors, especially Robert E. Ekelund and Robert D. Tollison to call mercantilism â€Å"a rent-seeking society†. To a certain extent, mercantilist doctrine itself made a general theory of economics impossible. Mercantilists viewed the economic system as a zero-sum game, in which any gain by one party required a loss by another. [12] Thus, any system of policies that benefited one group would by definition harm the other, and there was no possibility of economics being used to maximize the â€Å"commonwealth†, or common good. [13] Mercantilists’ writings were also generally created to rationalize particular practices rather than as investigations into the best policies. 14] Mercantilist domestic policy was more fragmented than its trade policy. While Adam Smith portrayed mercantilism as supportive of strict controls over the economy, many mercantilists disagreed. The early modern era was one of letters patent and government-imposed monopolies; some mercantilists supported these, but others ack nowledged the corruption and inefficiency of such systems. Many mercantilists also realized that the inevitable results of quotas and price ceilings were black markets. One notion mercantilists widely agreed upon was the need for economic oppression of the working population; laborers and farmers were to live at the â€Å"margins of subsistence†. The goal was to maximize production, with no concern for consumption. Extra money, free time, or education for the â€Å"lower classes† was seen to inevitably lead to vice and laziness, and would result in harm to the economy. [15] Infinite growth The mercantilists saw a large population as a form of wealth which made possible the development of bigger markets and armies. The opposing doctrine of physiocracy predicted that mankind would outgrow its resources. Origins Scholars debate over why mercantilism dominated economic ideology for 250 years. [16] One group, represented by Jacob Viner, argues that mercantilism was simply a straightforward, common-sense system whose logical fallacies could not be discovered by the people of the time, as they simply lacked the required analytical tools. The second school, supported by scholars such as Robert B. Ekelund, contends that mercantilism was not a mistake, but rather the best possible system for those who developed it. This school argues that mercantilist policies were developed and enforced by rent-seeking merchants and governments. Merchants benefited greatly from the enforced monopolies, bans on foreign competition, and poverty of the workers. Governments benefited from the high tariffs and payments from the merchants. Whereas later economic ideas were often developed by academics and philosophers, almost all mercantilist writers were merchants or government officials. [17] Monetarism offers a third explanation for mercantilism. European trade exported bullion to pay for goods from Asia, thus reducing the money supply and putting downward pressure on prices and economic activity. The evidence for this hypothesis is the lack of inflation in the English economy until the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars when paper money was extensively used. A fourth explanation lies in the increasing professionalisation and technification of the wars of the era, which turned the maintenance of adequate reserve funds (in the prospect of war) into a more and more expensive and eventually competitive business. You read "Theory of Mercantilism" in category "Essay examples" Mercantilism developed at a time when the European economy was in transition. Isolated feudal estates were being replaced by centralized nation-states as the focus of power. Technological changes in shipping and the growth of urban centres led to a rapid increase in international trade. [18] Mercantilism focused on how this trade could best aid the states. Another important change was the introduction of double-entry bookkeeping and modern accounting. This accounting made extremely clear the inflow and outflow of trade, contributing to the close scrutiny given to the balance of trade. [19] Of course, the impact of the discovery of America cannot be ignored. New markets and new mines propelled foreign trade to previously inconceivable heights. The latter led to â€Å"the great upward movement in prices† and an increase in â€Å"the volume of merchant activity itself. †[20] Prior to mercantilism, the most important economic work done in Europe was by the medieval scholastic theorists. The goal of these thinkers was to find an economic system that was compatible with Christian doctrines of piety and justice. They focused mainly on microeconomics and local exchanges between individuals. Mercantilism was closely aligned with the other theories and ideas that were replacing the medieval worldview. This period saw the adoption of the very Machiavellian realpolitik and the primacy of the raison d’etat in international relations. The mercantilist idea that all trade was a zero sum game, in which each side was trying to best the other in a ruthless competition, was integrated into the works of Thomas Hobbes. The dark view of human nature also fit well with the Puritan view of the world, and some of the most stridently mercantilist legislation, such as the Navigation Acts, were enacted by the government of Oliver Cromwell. [21] Policies French finance minister and mercantilist Jean-Baptiste Colbert served for over 20 years. Mercantilist ideas were the dominant economic ideology of all of Europe in the early modern period, and most states embraced it to a certain degree. Mercantilism was centred in England and France, and it was in these states that mercantilist polices were most often enacted. France Mercantilism arose in France in the early 16th century, soon after the monarchy had become the dominant force in French politics. In 1539, an important decree banned the importation of woolen goods from Spain and some parts of Flanders. The next year, a number of restrictions were imposed on the export of bullion. [22] Over the rest of the sixteenth century further protectionist measures were introduced. The height of French mercantilism is closely associated with Jean-Baptiste Colbert, finance minister for 22 years in the 17th century, to the extent that French mercantilism is sometimes called Colbertism. Under Colbert, the French government became deeply involved in the economy in order to increase exports. Protectionist policies were enacted that limited imports and favored exports. Industries were organized into guilds and monopolies, and production was regulated by the state through a series of over a thousand directives outlining how different products should be produced. [23] To encourage industry, foreign artisans and craftsmen were imported. Colbert also worked to decrease internal barriers to trade, reducing internal tariffs and building an extensive network of roads and canals. Colbert’s policies were quite successful, and France’s industrial output and economy grew considerably during this period, as France became the dominant European power. He was less successful in turning France into a major trading power, and Britain and the Netherlands remained supreme in this field. [23] Great Britain In England, mercantilism reached its peak during the 1340-1789 Long Parliament government (1640–1660). Mercantilist policies were also embraced throughout much of the Tudor and Stuart periods, with Robert Walpole being another major proponent. In Britain, government control over the domestic economy was far less extensive than on the Continent, limited by common law and the steadily increasing power of Parliament. 24] Government-controlled monopolies were common, especially before the English Civil War, but were often controversial. [25] The Anglo-Dutch Wars were fought between the English and the Dutch for control over the seas and trade routes. With respect to its colonies, British mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the ex clusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling—which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch. The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam (New York) in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country. [26] British mercantilist writers were themselves divided on whether domestic controls were necessary. British mercantilism thus mainly took the form of efforts to control trade. A wide array of regulations was put in place to encourage exports and discourage imports. Tariffs were placed on imports and bounties given for exports, and the export of some raw materials was banned completely. The Navigation Acts expelled foreign merchants from England’s domestic trade. The nation aggressively sought colonies and once under British control, regulations were imposed that allowed the colony to only produce raw materials and to only trade with Britain. This led to friction with the inhabitants of these colonies, and mercantilist policies (such as forbidding trade with other empires and controls over smuggling) were a major irritant leading to the American Revolution. Over all, however, mercantilist policies had a positive impact on Britain helping turn it into the world’s dominant trader, and an international superpower[citation needed]. One domestic policy that had a lasting impact was the conversion of â€Å"waste lands† to agricultural use. Mercantilists felt that to maximize a nation’s power all land and resources had to be used to their utmost, and this era thus saw projects like the draining of The Fens. [27] Mercantilism helped create trade patterns such as the triangular trade in the North Atlantic, in which raw materials were imported to the metropolis and then processed and redistributed to other colonies. Other countries The other nations of Europe also embraced mercantilism to varying degrees. The Netherlands, which had become the financial centre of Europe by being its most efficient trader, had little interest in seeing trade restricted and adopted few mercantilist policies. Mercantilism became prominent in Central Europe and Scandinavia after the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648), with Christina of Sweden, Jacob Kettler of Courland, Christian IV of Denmark being notable proponents. The Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors had long been interested in mercantilist policies, but the vast and decentralized nature of their empire made implementing such notions difficult. Some constituent states of the empire did embrace Mercantilism, most notably Prussia, which under Frederick the Great had perhaps the most rigidly controlled economy in Europe. During the economic collapse of the seventeenth century Spain had little coherent economic policy, but French mercantilist policies were imported by Philip V with some success. Russia under Peter I (Peter the Great) attempted to pursue mercantilism, but had little success because of Russia’s lack of a large merchant class or an industrial base. Wars and imperialism Mercantilism was economic warfare and was well suited to an era of military warfare. [28] Since the level of world trade was viewed as fixed, it followed that the only way to increase a nation’s trade was to take it from another. A number of wars, most notably the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Franco-Dutch Wars, can be linked directly to mercantilist theories. Most wars had other causes but they reinforced mercantilism by clearly defining the enemy, and justified damage to the enemy’s economy. Mercantilism fueled the imperialism of this era, as many nations expended significant effort to build new colonies that would be sources of gold (as in Mexico) or sugar (as in the West Indies), as well as becoming exclusive markets. European power spread around the globe, often under the aegis of companies with government-guaranteed monopolies in certain defined geographical regions, such as the Dutch East India Company or the British Hudson’s Bay Company (operating in present-day Canada). How to cite Theory of Mercantilism, Essay examples

Belonging †Short Story Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Father. why did you fall in the war? †***The Sun rose proudly as the forenoon clouds parted uncovering the steps to what seemed similar heaven as I glanced through my office window. The light easy uncovered the field outside as the work forces marched uniformly while I saluted to my states flag that stood high above foreign dirt. *** My male parent focused on the skyline through the forenoon dew that covered the kitchen window. His custodies fidgeting with the cross that hanged from his cervix. With a little glance of light looking. he fixed himself unsloped. proud. heterosexual and still. His custodies brushed the triumph decoration as he saluted to the lifting Sun that glared over the state. Without vacillation. back consecutive. custodies stiff and elbows set. I mimicked as he turned to confront me. His stolid look all of a sudden filled with coloring material as he lifted me onto his shoulder. We will write a custom essay sample on Belonging – Short Story Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Come on. let’s make some forenoon tea† . ***Steping off from my office Windowss. poached H2O. cup in manus. tea leaves in. aroma lifting. I soothed the cup with my soft breath. I run my manus over my left arm. repairing the little folds that formulated. croping the class 1 seven chevrons that were sewn on. Stripes of bravery. rank and recognition. *** My male parent easy wiped down the Lee-Enfield while I filled up the metal canteen. â€Å"Father. is it traveling to ache the coney? †He allow out a short laughter. finished with a smirk and a smile offering me to smooth the. 303 that he was pass overing. â€Å"Come on boy. if you have a head every bit weak as that. you won’t do it past a private. † *** Taking a sip from the warm scented cup. the cross dangled down slackly from my cervix. The cup is set back onto the tabular array. with my preheated warm custodies hold oning the wooden symbol. â€Å"Dismiss us with your approval. † ***My male parent with his face somewhat pale and his dorsum against the bedhead coughed lightly as I raised the cover above his waist. After a little intermission of remainder. he elevated his right manus and signalled a little flicking gesture. The adult female with a white robe nodded behind me and exited the basic. unfertile room shuting the door behind her. My father’s manus descended hold oning my right. gazing at the national service application I held with my left manus. With all attempts. he gave a smiling as he lifted the wooden cross free from his cervix and with two custodies cupped the object in the bosom of my thenar. â€Å"Pray every forenoon and dark. It worked for me. I’m certain I’ll see you shortly. † *** *knock*knock*I turn towards the door while my custodies loosen as I let the cross dangle back down in gesture. â€Å"Sir. with particular orders. I’ve been asked to present this. It’s from person back at place. † I tried non to presume the worst as I received the tainted envelope. With weak ink outline it reads â€Å"To my lone Son† on the field screen. My bosom sinks as the missive unfolds. custodies trembled gripping one time once more the cross that no longer hanged freely from my cervix. Cryings stained the white paper as I guided my eyes through my father’s script. He was my everything. everything that I am today. â€Å"I’m sorry for your loss sir† . the immature adult male quietly adds. I pause at the last line. custodies gripped. pess trembling. The salty beads continue to drip down as my custodies easy ungrasped. Fingers indicating. I focused on the concluding line of ink. perchance written with my father’s staying breat h. a individual line of Latin. â€Å"Tell the commanding officer that I will be taking the front line battalion on the concluding onslaught on Berlin. † The immature courier looked blankly into my watery-eyed eyes. â€Å"But it’s a†¦ Yes sir. † *** â€Å"Father. why did you fall in the war? † I asked as my male parent poured the warm H2O into my cup of premade tea. The H2O flow seized as he looked one time once more out the kitchen window. He paused for a minute. concentrating before a smiling broke out from his deep idea. With a soothing look he replied. â€Å"Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. †